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Genesis

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The Promise of a Son to Sarah

Chapter 18

1 The Lord appeared to Abraham by the oaks of Mamre⁠ while he was sitting at the entrance to his tent during the hottest time of the day.⁠ 2 Abraham looked up and saw three men standing across from him.⁠ When he saw them he ran from the entrance of the tent to meet them and bowed low to the ground. 3 He said, “My lord, if I have found favor in your sight, do not pass by and leave your servant. 4 Let a little water be brought so that you may all wash your feet and rest under the tree. 5 And let me get a bit of food so that you may refresh yourselves since you have passed by your servant’s home. After that you may be on your way.” “All right,” they replied, “you may do as you say.” 6 So Abraham hurried into the tent and said to Sarah, “Quick! Take three measures of fine flour, knead it, and make bread.”⁠ 7 Then Abraham ran to the herd and chose a fine, tender calf, and gave it to a servant, who quickly prepared it. 8 Abraham then took some curds and milk, along with the calf that had been prepared, and placed the food before them. They ate while he was standing near them under a tree.⁠ 9 Then they asked him, “Where is Sarah your wife?” He replied, “There, in the tent.” 10 One of them said, “I will surely return to you when the season comes round again, and your wife Sarah will have a son!”⁠ (Now Sarah was listening at the entrance to the tent, not far behind him.⁠ 11 Abraham and Sarah were old and advancing in years; Sarah had long since passed menopause.)⁠ 12 So Sarah laughed to herself, thinking, “After I am worn out will I have pleasure, especially when my husband is old too?”⁠ 13 The Lord said to Abraham, “Why did Sarah laugh and say, ‘Will I really have a child when I am old?’ 14 Is anything impossible for the Lord? I will return to you when the season comes round again and Sarah will have a son.”⁠ 15 Then Sarah lied, saying, “I did not laugh,” because she was afraid. But the Lord said, “No! You did laugh.”

Abraham Intercedes for Sodom

16 When the men got up to leave, they looked out over Sodom. (Now Abraham was walking with them to see them on their way.) 17 Then the Lord said, “Should I hide from Abraham what I am about to do? 18 After all, Abraham will surely become a great and powerful nation, and all the nations on the earth may receive blessing through him. 19 I have chosen him so that he may command his children and his household after him to keep the way of the Lord by doing what is right and just.⁠ Then the Lord will give to Abraham what he promised him.” 20 So the Lord said, “The outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is so great⁠ and their sin so blatant⁠ 21 that I must go down and see if they are as wicked as the outcry suggests.⁠ If not, I want to know.” 22 The two men turned and headed toward Sodom, but Abraham was still standing before the Lord.⁠ 23 Abraham approached and said, “Will you really sweep away the godly along with the wicked? 24 What if there are fifty godly people in the city? Will you really wipe it out and not spare the place for the sake of the 50 godly people who are in it? 25 Far be it from you to do such a thing—to kill the godly with the wicked, treating the godly and the wicked alike! Far be it from you! Will not the judge of the whole earth do what is right?” 26 So the Lord replied, “If I find in the city of Sodom 50 godly people, I will spare the whole place for their sake.” 27 Then Abraham asked, “Since I have undertaken to speak to the Lord (although I am but dust and ashes),⁠ 28 what if there are five less than the 50 godly people? Will you destroy the whole city because five are lacking?” He replied, “I will not destroy it if I find 45 there.” 29 Abraham spoke to him again, “What if 40 are found there?” He replied, “I will not do it for the sake of the 40.” 30 Then Abraham said, “May the Lord not be angry so that I may speak! What if 30 are found there?” He replied, “I will not do it if I find 30 there.” 31 Abraham said, “Since I have undertaken to speak to the Lord, what if only 20 are found there?” He replied, “I will not destroy it for the sake of the 20.” 32 Finally Abraham said, “May the Lord not be angry so that I may speak just once more. What if 10 are found there?” He replied, “I will not destroy it for the sake of the 10.”⁠ 33 The Lord went on his way when he had finished speaking to Abraham. Then Abraham returned home.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 18:14 and Protoevangelium of James 1

Hebrew Bible · Early Christian

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Summary

The Protoevangelium of James directly refers to the narrative of Sarah having a child in her old age in Genesis 18, connecting its own narrative to Israel's patriarchs and matriarchs and drawing on the authority and credibility of the Torah.

Passages

Genesis 18:14

Hebrew Bible
11 Abraham and Sarah were old and advancing in years; Sarah had long since passed menopause.) 12 So Sarah laughed to herself, thinking, “After I am worn out will I have pleasure, especially when my husband is old too?” 13 The Lord said to Abraham, “Why did Sarah laugh and say, ‘Will I really have a child when I am old?’ 14 Is anything impossible for the Lord? I will return to you when the season comes round again and Sarah will have a son.” 15 Then Sarah lied, saying, “I did not laugh,” because she was afraid. But the Lord said, “No! You did laugh.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Protoevangelium of James 1

Early Christian · Gospel of James
1 Joachim, a man of great wealth, was listed in the records of the twelve tribes of Israel. He always gave double in his offerings, saying, “There will be plenty from my abundance for everyone, and my offering will be for forgiveness to the Lord, for my atonement.” As the great day of the Lord approached, the sons of Israel were bringing their offerings. Rubim stood across from him and said, “It’s not right for you to offer first, since you haven’t had any children in Israel.” This deeply upset Joachim, and he went to check the records of the twelve tribes, saying, “I’ll see if I’m the only one who hasn’t had children in Israel.” He searched and found that all the righteous people had raised children. He then thought of the patriarch Abraham, who, even in his old age, was given a son, Isaac, by God. Joachim was overcome with distress and didn’t return to his wife, but instead withdrew to the desert. He set up a tent and fasted for forty days and forty nights. He told himself, “I won’t eat or drink until the Lord my God looks on me; prayer will be my food and drink.”
150–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Protoevangelium of James

References

"... As clear from the above survey, the scholarly debate about the provenance of the Protevangelium of James is closely related to the debate concerning its connections to Judaism. We have already discussed some cases in which scholars propose the author's lack of knowledge about Judaism, albeit mainly based on a purported lack of knowledge of Palestinian geography. By contrast, van Stempvoort, Cameron, and Smid assume a relationship between the author and Judaism and/or "Jewish-Christianity" based on the text's extensive use of the Septuagint. Above, we noted that the characters of Anna and Joachim in the Protevangelium of James seem to be patterned on Sarah and Abraham in Genesis 18, 20-21 and, perhaps even more closely, on Hannah and Elkannah in 1 Samuel 1-2 ..."
Lily Vuong, Accessing the Virgin: Gender and Purity in the Protoevangelium of James (McMaster University, 2010), 58.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 18:14 and Protoevangelium of James 1

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