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Genesis

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The Promise of a Son to Sarah

Chapter 18

1 The Lord appeared to Abraham by the oaks of Mamre⁠ while he was sitting at the entrance to his tent during the hottest time of the day.⁠ 2 Abraham looked up and saw three men standing across from him.⁠ When he saw them he ran from the entrance of the tent to meet them and bowed low to the ground. 3 He said, “My lord, if I have found favor in your sight, do not pass by and leave your servant. 4 Let a little water be brought so that you may all wash your feet and rest under the tree. 5 And let me get a bit of food so that you may refresh yourselves since you have passed by your servant’s home. After that you may be on your way.” “All right,” they replied, “you may do as you say.” 6 So Abraham hurried into the tent and said to Sarah, “Quick! Take three measures of fine flour, knead it, and make bread.”⁠ 7 Then Abraham ran to the herd and chose a fine, tender calf, and gave it to a servant, who quickly prepared it. 8 Abraham then took some curds and milk, along with the calf that had been prepared, and placed the food before them. They ate while he was standing near them under a tree.⁠ 9 Then they asked him, “Where is Sarah your wife?” He replied, “There, in the tent.” 10 One of them said, “I will surely return to you when the season comes round again, and your wife Sarah will have a son!”⁠ (Now Sarah was listening at the entrance to the tent, not far behind him.⁠ 11 Abraham and Sarah were old and advancing in years; Sarah had long since passed menopause.)⁠ 12 So Sarah laughed to herself, thinking, “After I am worn out will I have pleasure, especially when my husband is old too?”⁠ 13 The Lord said to Abraham, “Why did Sarah laugh and say, ‘Will I really have a child when I am old?’ 14 Is anything impossible for the Lord? I will return to you when the season comes round again and Sarah will have a son.”⁠ 15 Then Sarah lied, saying, “I did not laugh,” because she was afraid. But the Lord said, “No! You did laugh.”

Abraham Intercedes for Sodom

16 When the men got up to leave, they looked out over Sodom. (Now Abraham was walking with them to see them on their way.) 17 Then the Lord said, “Should I hide from Abraham what I am about to do? 18 After all, Abraham will surely become a great and powerful nation, and all the nations on the earth may receive blessing through him. 19 I have chosen him so that he may command his children and his household after him to keep the way of the Lord by doing what is right and just.⁠ Then the Lord will give to Abraham what he promised him.” 20 So the Lord said, “The outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is so great⁠ and their sin so blatant⁠ 21 that I must go down and see if they are as wicked as the outcry suggests.⁠ If not, I want to know.” 22 The two men turned and headed toward Sodom, but Abraham was still standing before the Lord.⁠ 23 Abraham approached and said, “Will you really sweep away the godly along with the wicked? 24 What if there are fifty godly people in the city? Will you really wipe it out and not spare the place for the sake of the 50 godly people who are in it? 25 Far be it from you to do such a thing—to kill the godly with the wicked, treating the godly and the wicked alike! Far be it from you! Will not the judge of the whole earth do what is right?” 26 So the Lord replied, “If I find in the city of Sodom 50 godly people, I will spare the whole place for their sake.” 27 Then Abraham asked, “Since I have undertaken to speak to the Lord (although I am but dust and ashes),⁠ 28 what if there are five less than the 50 godly people? Will you destroy the whole city because five are lacking?” He replied, “I will not destroy it if I find 45 there.” 29 Abraham spoke to him again, “What if 40 are found there?” He replied, “I will not do it for the sake of the 40.” 30 Then Abraham said, “May the Lord not be angry so that I may speak! What if 30 are found there?” He replied, “I will not do it if I find 30 there.” 31 Abraham said, “Since I have undertaken to speak to the Lord, what if only 20 are found there?” He replied, “I will not destroy it for the sake of the 20.” 32 Finally Abraham said, “May the Lord not be angry so that I may speak just once more. What if 10 are found there?” He replied, “I will not destroy it for the sake of the 10.”⁠ 33 The Lord went on his way when he had finished speaking to Abraham. Then Abraham returned home.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 18:10 and Samaritan Genesis 18:10

Hebrew Bible · Samaritan

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Summary

Genesis 18 uses ambiguous language that could mean the tent was behind God. The Samaritan Pentateuch makes it clear that Sarah was behind God, and this clarification in the Samaritan text harmonizes the detail with the larger narrative.

Passages

Genesis 18:10

Hebrew Bible
8 Abraham then took some curds and milk, along with the calf that had been prepared, and placed the food before them. They ate while he was standing near them under a tree. 9 Then they asked him, “Where is Sarah your wife?” He replied, “There, in the tent.” 10 One of them said, “I will surely return to you when the season comes round again, and your wife Sarah will have a son!” (Now Sarah was listening at the entrance to the tent, not far behind him. 11 Abraham and Sarah were old and advancing in years; Sarah had long since passed menopause.)
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Samaritan Genesis 18:10

Samaritan · Samaritan Penteteuch
8 And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he had prepared, and set it before them. And he stood by them under the tree, and they ate. 9 And they said to him: “Where is Sarah your wife?” And he said: “Look, she is in the tent.” 10 And he said: “I will surely return to you according to the time of life, and, look, Sarah your wife shall have a son.” And Sarah was listening at the tent door, and she was behind him. 11 Now Abraham and Sarah were old, advanced in age. Sarah no longer had her monthly periods.
130–120 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Samaritan Genesis

References

"... wehu aharayw (verse 10): “but [she] was behind him.” There are several possible readings of this phrase. If wehu is to be read as it appears in the MT, the meaning is either that Sarah was listening at the door of the tent, option a) “and it [the tent] was behind him [i.e., Yahweh],” or b) the reverse, “and he [Yahweh] was behind it [the tent].” The Samaritan Pentateuch has wehi, with the possible meanings that a) “and she [Sarah] was behind him [Yahweh],” or less likely, b) “and it [the door] was behind him [Yahweh].” (The other grammatically possible options are not logically possible, i.e., that “she was behind it [the tent],” or that “it [the door] was behind it [the tent].”) The LXX has ουσα οπισθεν αυτου, “being behind him.” The feminine participle ουσα is nominative, and thus can only refer to Sarah, and not the door or the tent. To judge between these alternatives, we can rule out the interpretation that the phrase would describe Yahweh as behind the tent (MT option b), since the rest of the passage appears to portray the action as occurring in front of the tent. It also seems unlikely that it would describe the door in particular as being behind Yahweh (Samaritan Pentateuch option b), although this is possible. More likely, the meaning is either that the tent was behind Yahweh (Masoretic text option a), or that Sarah was behind Yahweh (Samaritan Pentateuch option a, LXX). The last of these options is the strongest possibility logically, since the point is that Yahweh’s knowledge of Sarah’s laughter is extraordinary ..."
Esther J. Hamori, When Gods Were Men: The Embodied God in Biblical and Near Eastern Literature (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2008), 67–68.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 18:10 and Samaritan Genesis 18:10

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