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Genesis

About this book

The Promise of Descendants and Land

Chapter 15

1 After these things the Lord’s message came to Abram in a vision: “Fear not, Abram!⁠ I am your shield⁠ and the one who will reward you in great abundance.”⁠ 2 But Abram said, “O Sovereign Lord, what will you give me since I continue to be childless, and my heir is Eliezer of Damascus?”⁠ 3 Abram added, “Since you have not given me a descendant, then look, one born in my house will be my heir!” 4 But look, the Lord’s message came to him: “This man will not be your heir, but instead a son who comes from your own body will be your heir.” 5 The Lord took him outside and said, “Gaze into the sky and count the stars—if you are able to count them!”⁠ Then he said to him, “So will your descendants be.”⁠ 6 Abram believed the Lord, and the Lord credited it as righteousness to him.⁠ 7 The Lord said to him, “I am the Lord who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldeans⁠ to give you this land to possess.”⁠ 8 But Abram said, “O Sovereign Lord, by what can I know that I am to possess it?” 9 The Lord said to him, “Take for me a heifer, a goat, and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.”⁠ 10 So Abram took all these for him and then cut them in two and placed each half opposite the other, but he did not cut the birds in half.⁠ 11 When birds of prey came down on the carcasses, Abram drove them away.⁠ 12 When the sun went down, Abram fell sound asleep, and great terror overwhelmed him. 13 Then the Lord said to Abram, “Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a foreign country.⁠ They will be enslaved and oppressed⁠ for 400 years.⁠ 14 But I will execute judgment on the nation that they will serve. Afterward they will come out with many possessions. 15 But as for you, you will go to your ancestors in peace and be buried at a good old age. 16 In the fourth generation your descendants will return here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its limit.”⁠ 17 When the sun had gone down and it was dark, a smoking firepot with a flaming torch passed between the animal parts.⁠ 18 That day the Lord made a covenant with Abram: “To your descendants I give this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river, the Euphrates River—⁠ 19 the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites,⁠ 20 Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaites, 21 Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 15:13 and Exodus 12:40

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis says Abram’s descendants will be enslaved for 400 years, pointing ahead to the exodus. Exodus gives 430 years, a number later tied to kings and the temple. The difference suggests distinct traditions with their own timelines.

Passages

Genesis 15:13

Hebrew Bible
11 When birds of prey came down on the carcasses, Abram drove them away. 12 When the sun went down, Abram fell sound asleep, and great terror overwhelmed him. 13 Then the Lord said to Abram, “Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a foreign country. They will be enslaved and oppressed for 400 years. 14 But I will execute judgment on the nation that they will serve. Afterward they will come out with many possessions. 15 But as for you, you will go to your ancestors in peace and be buried at a good old age.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Exodus 12:40

Hebrew Bible
38 A mixed multitude also went up with them, and flocks and herds—a very large number of cattle. 39 They baked cakes of bread without yeast using the dough they had brought from Egypt, for it was made without yeast. Because they were thrust out of Egypt and were not able to delay, they could not prepare food for themselves either. 40 Now the length of time the Israelites lived in Egypt was 430 years. 41 At the end of the 430 years, on the very day, all the regiments of the Lord went out of the land of Egypt. 42 It was a night of vigil for the Lord to bring them out from the land of Egypt, and so on this night all Israel is to keep the vigil to the Lord for generations to come.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

References

"... Genesis 15 has been characterized as “the most prominent bridge text in Genesis that serves as a literary connection between Genesis and Exodus”. The cross-references between the Abraham story and the exodus or Moses story are found in the second part of the chapter, mainly in Genesis 15:11‒17. The allusion to the exodus is underscored by the fact that verses 13‒16 are presented in the form of a divine speech announcing future events to Abraham. Genesis 15:13 foretells that Abraham’s offspring will experience a sojourn of four hundred years in a foreign land, associated with forced labor and oppression. The terms used for “forced labor” and “oppression” are found in the exodus story (Exodus 1:11, 13; 6:5). The reference to the “fourth generation” that YHWH will “bring back” (Genesis 15:16) seems to correspond to the genealogy of Moses (Numbers 26:58‒59). Nevertheless, there are some difficulties in connecting these passages readily to the exodus story: Exodus 12:40 refers to a sojourn of 430 years in Egypt, not of four hundred years as in Genesis 15:13 ... Both numbers are highly symbolic. Perhaps the “four hundred years” in Genesis 15:13 result from a wordplay with the number four in Genesis 15. The 430 years of Exodus 12:40 correspond to the regnal years of the kings of Israel and Judah. Thus, the time span before and after the erection of the temple under Solomon is identical. Both numbers (400/430) are evidently too high for the time of the sojourn in Egypt, and they correspond in no way to the idea of the four generations in Genesis 15:16. Therefore, the Septuagint and the Samaritan Pentateuch understand the 400/430 years as the whole period of time from Abraham to the Exodus ..."
Detlef Jericke, “Exodus Material in the Book of Genesis,” in Book-Seams in the Hexateuch I: The Literary Transitions between the Books of Genesis/Exodus and Joshua/Judges, ed. Christoph Berner and Harald Samuel (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018), 137–156.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 15:13 and Exodus 12:40

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