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Genesis

About this book

Abram Rescues Lot

Chapter 14

1 At that time Amraphel king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar, Kedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of nations 2 went to war against Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboyim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar). 3 These last five kings joined forces in the Valley of Siddim (that is, the Salt Sea). 4 For twelve years they had served Kedorlaomer, but in the thirteenth year they rebelled. 5 In the fourteenth year, Kedorlaomer and the kings who were his allies came and defeated the Rephaites in Ashteroth Karnaim,⁠ the Zuzites in Ham, the Emites in Shaveh Kiriathaim, 6 and the Horites in their hill country of Seir, as far as El Paran, which is near the desert. 7 Then they attacked En Mishpat (that is, Kadesh) again, and they conquered all the territory of the Amalekites, as well as the Amorites who were living in Hazezon Tamar. 8 Then the king of Sodom, the king of Gomorrah, the king of Admah, the king of Zeboyim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar) went out and prepared for battle. In the Valley of Siddim they met 9 Kedorlaomer king of Elam, Tidal king of nations, Amraphel king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar. Four kings fought against five. 10 Now the Valley of Siddim was full of tar pits. When the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, they fell into them, but some survivors fled to the hills. 11 The four victorious kings took all the possessions and food of Sodom and Gomorrah and left. 12 They also took Abram’s nephew Lot and his possessions when they left, for Lot was living in Sodom. 13 A fugitive came and told Abram the Hebrew. Now Abram was living by the oaks of Mamre the Amorite, the brother of Eshcol and Aner. (All these were allied by treaty with Abram.) 14 When Abram heard that his nephew had been taken captive, he mobilized his 318 trained men who had been born in his household, and he pursued the invaders as far as Dan. 15 Then, during the night, Abram divided his forces against them and defeated them. He chased them as far as Hobah, which is north of Damascus.⁠ 16 He retrieved all the stolen property. He also brought back his nephew Lot⁠ and his possessions, as well as the women and the rest of the people.

Abram and Melchizedek

17 After Abram returned from defeating Kedorlaomer and the kings who were with him, the king of Sodom went out to meet Abram in the Valley of Shaveh (known as the King’s Valley). 18 Melchizedek king of Salem⁠ brought out bread and wine.⁠ (Now he was the priest of the Most High God.)⁠ 19 He blessed Abram, saying, “Blessed be Abram by the Most High God, Creator of heaven and earth.⁠ 20 Worthy of praise is the Most High God, who delivered your enemies into your hand.” Abram gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. 21 Then the king of Sodom said to Abram, “Give me the people and take the possessions for yourself.” 22 But Abram replied to the king of Sodom, “I raise my hand to the Lord, the Most High God, Creator of heaven and earth, and vow 23 that I will take nothing belonging to you, not even a thread or the strap of a sandal. That way you can never say, ‘It is I who made Abram rich.’ 24 I will take nothing except compensation for what the young men have eaten. As for the share of the men who went with me—Aner, Eshcol, and Mamre—let them take their share.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 14:18 and 1Q20 22:14

Hebrew Bible · Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings

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Summary

Genesis Apocryphon from the Dead Sea Scrolls retells the story of Abraham and Melchizedek, preserving an early Jewish tradition when his priesthood was still honored, before later traditions reduced his role and emphasized Abraham’s authority.

Passages

Genesis 14:18

Hebrew Bible
17 After Abram returned from defeating Kedorlaomer and the kings who were with him, the king of Sodom went out to meet Abram in the Valley of Shaveh (known as the King’s Valley). 18 Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. (Now he was the priest of the Most High God.) 19 He blessed Abram, saying, “Blessed be Abram by the Most High God, Creator of heaven and earth. 20 Worthy of praise is the Most High God, who delivered your enemies into your hand.” Abram gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

1Q20 22:14

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings · Genesis Apocryphon
12 the captives that they had taken he brought back. And the king of Sodom heard that Abram had brought back all the captives 13 and all the plunder, and he went up to meet him. And he came to Salem, which is Jerusalem, while Abram was camped in the valley of 14 Shaveh, which is the valley of the king, the valley of Beth-hakerem. And Melchizedek king of Salem brought out 15 food and drink for Abram and for all the men who were with him. And he was the priest of God Most High. And he blessed 16 Abram and said, “Blessed is Abram by God Most High, Lord of heaven and earth, and blessed is God Most High, 17 who has delivered your enemies into your hand.” And he gave him a tithe of all the property of the king of Elam and his allies. 18 Then the king of Sodom drew near and said to Abram, “My lord Abram,
160–60 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1Q20

References

"... Why, then, is the Talmudic discussion silent on the matter of Melchizedek’s circumcision? Given the thrust of the discussion, one might reasonably suggest that the text takes for granted that Melchizedek was indeed circumcised, in order to fulfil the priestly office. But then why does it emphasize instead the transfer of priesthood to Abraham? An explanation of this difficulty may, once more, originate in pre-Rabbinic attitudes to Melchizedek. Again, evidence from Qumran, this time in the shape of the Genesis Apocryphon from cave 1 (1Qap-Gen) provides assistance. (See D.A. Machiela, The Genesis Apocryphon (1Q20): A Reevaluation of its Text, Interpretive Character, and Relationship to the Book of Jubilees) This Aramaic ‘re-writing’ of episodes from Genesis certainly pre-dates the Christian era, and is intent on presenting Abraham as a sacrificing priest ..."
C. T. R. Hayward, Targums and the Transmission of Scripture into Judaism and Christianity, SAIS 10 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 384–385.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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