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Genesis

About this book

The Tower of Babel

Chapter 11

1 The whole earth had a common language and a common vocabulary.⁠ 2 When the people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar⁠ and settled there. 3 Then they said to one another, “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly.”⁠ (They had brick instead of stone and tar instead of mortar.)⁠ 4 Then they said, “Come, let’s build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens so that we may make a name for ourselves.⁠ Otherwise we will be scattered across the face of the entire earth.”⁠ 5 But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower that the people had started building. 6 And the Lord said, “If as one people all sharing a common language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be beyond them.⁠ 7 Come, let’s go down and confuse their language so they won’t be able to understand each other.”⁠ 8 So the Lord scattered them from there across the face of the entire earth,⁠ and they stopped building the city. 9 That is why its name was called Babel—because there the Lord confused the language of the entire world,⁠ and from there the Lord scattered them across the face of the entire earth.

Shem's Descendants

10 This is the account of Shem. Shem was 100 years old when he became the father of Arphaxad, two years after the flood.⁠ 11 And after becoming the father of Arphaxad, Shem lived 500 years and had other sons and daughters.⁠ 12 When Arphaxad had lived 35 years,⁠ he became the father of Shelah.⁠ 13 And after he became the father of Shelah, Arphaxad lived 403 years and had other sons and daughters. 14 When Shelah had lived 30 years, he became the father of Eber. 15 And after he became the father of Eber, Shelah lived 403 years and had other sons and daughters. 16 When Eber had lived 34 years,⁠ he became the father of Peleg. 17 And after he became the father of Peleg, Eber lived 430 years and had other sons and daughters. 18 When Peleg had lived 30 years,⁠ he became the father of Reu. 19 And after he became the father of Reu, Peleg lived 209 years and had other sons and daughters. 20 When Reu had lived 32 years, he became the father of Serug. 21 And after he became the father of Serug, Reu lived 207 years and had other sons and daughters. 22 When Serug had lived 30 years, he became the father of Nahor. 23 And after he became the father of Nahor, Serug lived 200 years and had other sons and daughters. 24 When Nahor had lived 29 years,⁠ he became the father of Terah. 25 And after he became the father of Terah, Nahor lived 119 years and had other sons and daughters. 26 When Terah had lived 70 years, he became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran.

Terah's Family

27 This is the account of Terah. Terah became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran. And Haran became the father of Lot. 28 Haran died in the land of his birth, in Ur of the Chaldeans,⁠ while his father Terah was still alive.⁠ 29 And Abram and Nahor took wives for themselves. The name of Abram’s wife was Sarai. And the name of Nahor’s wife was Milcah; she was the daughter of Haran, who was the father of both Milcah and Iscah.⁠ 30 But Sarai was barren; she had no children. 31 Terah took his son Abram, his grandson Lot (the son of Haran), and his daughter-in-law Sarai, his son Abram’s wife, and with them he set out from Ur of the Chaldeans to go to Canaan.⁠ When they came to Haran, they settled there.⁠ 32 The lifetime of Terah was 205 years, and he died in Haran.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 11:1 and Jubilees 10:22 and Philo, On the Confusion of Tongues 15

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · Classical

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Summary

Genesis describes the whole earth having one language. Jubilees and Philo interpret this as referring not just to speech but to an intention to carry out evil plans. Both interpret the unity of language as negative, unlike the Hebrew text.

Passages

Genesis 11:1

Hebrew Bible
1 The whole earth had a common language and a common vocabulary. 2 When the people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. 3 Then they said to one another, “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” (They had brick instead of stone and tar instead of mortar.)
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Jubilees 10:22

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
21 And they built it: forty-three years they were building it; its width was 203 bricks, and the height (of a brick) was the third of one; its height amounted to 5433 cubits and 2 palms, and (the extent of one wall was) thirteen stades (and of the other thirty stades). 22 And the Lord our God said to us: Look, they are one people, and (this) they begin to do, and now nothing will be withheld from them. Come, let us go down and confuse their language, so that they may not understand one another's speech, and they may be dispersed into cities and nations, and one purpose will no longer remain with them until the day of judgment.' 23 And the Lord descended, and we descended with him to see the city and the tower which the human beings had built.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

Philo, On the Confusion of Tongues 15

Classical
15 We say, then, that the expression "all the earth had but one pronunciation and one language" points to a symphony of great and unspeakable evils, which cities have inflicted upon cities, nations upon nations, and countries upon countries, and through which men not only wrong one another, but also behave impiously towards God, and yet these are the iniquities of many; but let us consider the ineffable multitude of evils that proceed from each individual man, especially when he is under the influence of that ill-timed, and inharmonious, and unmusical agreement.
20–50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philo, On the Confusion of Tongues

References

"... Both Jubilees and Philo of Alexandria maintain that the fact that the serpent in the Garden of Eden spoke to Eve was not the result of diabolical ventriloquism (as many other interpreters maintained), but simply a reflection of the fact that snakes used to be able to talk (Jubilees 3:28, On the Creation of the World 156). Both the Jubilees and Philo of Alexandria explain the word “Eden” in “Garden of Eden” not as a place name but as a garden “of delight” (Jubilees 2:7, Allegorical Interpretation, 1:45). Both know that, when the Book of Genesis says that the earth was “of one language and single words” (Genesis 11:1), the latter phrase refers to the humans’ evil plans (Jubilees 10:22; On the Confusion of Tongues 15, 83), and that in the resultant divine summons “Let us go down” (Genesis 11:7), God was speaking to His angels (Jubilees 10:22-23, On the Confusion of Tongues 174). Both relate that Abraham was a trained astronomer and that it was his knowledge of this subject that helped him to understand that there is only one God (Jubilees 12:16-18; On Abraham 71). Both conclude that Lot was saved not for his own sake, but only because of his connection to Abraham (Jubilees 16:7-8; Questions and Solutions in Genesis 4:54). Both maintain that Isaac blessed Jacob instead of Esau because God intervened to have him do so (Jubilees 26:18, Questions and Solutions in Genesis 4:196) ..."
James L. Kugel, A Walk through Jubilees: Studies in the Book of Jubilees and the World of Its Creation (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 403.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • What language do they speak?

    Anonymous, February 20, 2026

Genesis 11:1 and Jubilees 10:22 and Philo, On the Confusion of Tongues 15

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