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Genesis

About this book

Creation of the World

Chapter 1

1 In the beginning⁠ God created the heavens and the earth.⁠ 2 Now the earth was without shape and empty,⁠ and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep,⁠ but the Spirit of God was hovering11 over the surface of the water.⁠ 3 God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light!⁠ 4 God saw that the light was good,⁠ so God separated the light from the darkness.⁠ 5 God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.” There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day.⁠ 6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate⁠ water from water.”⁠ 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it.⁠ It was so.⁠ 8 God called the expanse “sky.”⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, a second day. 9 God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.”⁠ It was so.⁠ 10 God called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.”⁠ God saw that it was good.⁠ 11 God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: plants yielding seeds and trees on the land bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds.” It was so. 12 The land produced vegetation—plants yielding seeds according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 13 There was evening, and there was morning, a third day. 14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky⁠ to separate the day from the night,⁠ and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years,⁠ 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night.⁠ He made the stars also.⁠ 17 God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, 18 to preside over the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good. 19 There was evening, and there was morning, a fourth day. 20 God said, “Let the water swarm with swarms of living creatures and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.”⁠ 21 God created the great sea creatures⁠ and every living and moving thing with which the water swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind.⁠ God saw that it was good. 22 God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.”⁠ 23 There was evening, and there was morning, a fifth day. 24 God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: cattle, creeping things, and wild animals, each according to its kind.” It was so. 25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 26 Then God said, “Let us make humankind in our image,⁠ after our likeness,⁠ so they may rule⁠ over⁠ the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.”⁠ 27 God created humankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them,⁠ male and female he created them.⁠ 28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply!⁠ Fill the earth and subdue it!⁠ Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that moves on the ground.”⁠ 29 Then God said, “I now give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the entire earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.⁠ 30 And to all the animals of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has living breath in it—I⁠ give every green plant for food.” It was so. 31 God saw all that he had made—and it was very good!⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 1:9 and Psalm 24:2

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Psalm 24 reflects an ancient view that the earth stands over chaotic waters held back. Genesis begins the same way, with unshaped waters that are later limited and ordered, presenting creation as bringing stability out of watery chaos.

Passages

Genesis 1:9

Hebrew Bible
8 God called the expanse “sky.” There was evening, and there was morning, a second day. 9 God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.” It was so. 10 God called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.” God saw that it was good. 11 God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: plants yielding seeds and trees on the land bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds.” It was so.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Psalm 24:2

Hebrew Bible
1 A psalm of David. The Lord owns the earth and all it contains, the world and all who live in it. 2 For he set its foundation upon the seas, and established it upon the ocean currents. 3 Who is allowed to ascend the mountain of the Lord? Who may go up to his holy dwelling place? 4 The one whose deeds are blameless who has clean hands and a pure heart*, who does not lie, or make promises with no intention of keeping them.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... Psalm 24 ... The second verse refers to the primitive cosmological view that the earth was founded on the chaotic waters that were hostile to life (compare Genesis 1:1-13). The Lord’s act of creation was to transform a nonplace that was inhospitable to life (compare Psalms 46:2-3; 65:7) into a place that is hospitable to life. God performs this transformation by imposing order onto chaos. The metaphor here is that God founded and established the earth on the waters and the rivers. The metaphor cuts two ways. On the one hand, chaos remains an active element in creation. God has limited the reach of chaos (“thus far shall you come, and no farther,” Job 38:11), but chaos and randomness remain present. On the other hand, creation is secure, because of the Lord’s ongoing providence and stewardship of creation. Thus, the creation into which God is entering in the psalm needs God’s presence, because only God can hold chaos at bay and secure the environment for life ..."
Nancy L. DeClaissé-Walford, The Book of Psalms (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2014), 294–295.
"... Psalm 24:1–2 ... presupposes a view in which the earth disk is set on pillars on the nether-ocean. It is clear that the initial state is the pre-cosmic water mass, twice described as “waters” and “streams.” Yet again, it is not stated, that God formed the earth out of the waters, as the material with which he makes. In line with Gen 1 is also the notion that yhwh does not make or create the earth as such, but sets it on pillars on the nether-ocean, as is expressed clearly by the two verbs “founding” and “establishing” (not “making” or “creating”). However, the context in which this image figures, differs greatly from Gen 1. In Ps 24 the context is yhwh’s lordship and ownership. The opening verse already shows it: “to yhwh belongs the earth.” The front position of le-yhwh in the clause indicates that yhwh is the topic and focus of the clause and the readers are invited to share his perspective. Also the next verses confirm the very same topic and focus. In vv. 3ff the rhetoric questions (“who may ascend the mountain of yhwh,” “who may stand in his holy place”) indicate that yhwh’s residence is too high to ascend, his holiness too great to stay in his presence. The climax is reached in vv. 7–10 where yhwh is five times called “the king of glory,” and three times characterized by terms of might and power: “mighty and valiant,” “valiant in battle,” “lord of hosts/armies.” The majesty and glory of this king is thus specified in his might in battle. yhwh is the lord, the one in charge. Power, might, ownership is the context yhwh’s establishment of the earth ..."
Ellen van Wolde, “‘Creation out of Nothing’ and the Hebrew Bible,” in Creation Stories in Dialogue: The Bible, Science, and Folk Traditions, ed. R. Alan Culpepper and Jan G. van der Watt, BibInt 139 (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 157–176.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 1:9 and Psalm 24:2

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