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Genesis

About this book

Creation of the World

Chapter 1

1 In the beginning⁠ God created the heavens and the earth.⁠ 2 Now the earth was without shape and empty,⁠ and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep,⁠ but the Spirit of God was hovering11 over the surface of the water.⁠ 3 God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light!⁠ 4 God saw that the light was good,⁠ so God separated the light from the darkness.⁠ 5 God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.” There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day.⁠ 6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate⁠ water from water.”⁠ 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it.⁠ It was so.⁠ 8 God called the expanse “sky.”⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, a second day. 9 God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.”⁠ It was so.⁠ 10 God called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.”⁠ God saw that it was good.⁠ 11 God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: plants yielding seeds and trees on the land bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds.” It was so. 12 The land produced vegetation—plants yielding seeds according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 13 There was evening, and there was morning, a third day. 14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky⁠ to separate the day from the night,⁠ and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years,⁠ 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night.⁠ He made the stars also.⁠ 17 God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, 18 to preside over the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good. 19 There was evening, and there was morning, a fourth day. 20 God said, “Let the water swarm with swarms of living creatures and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.”⁠ 21 God created the great sea creatures⁠ and every living and moving thing with which the water swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind.⁠ God saw that it was good. 22 God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.”⁠ 23 There was evening, and there was morning, a fifth day. 24 God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: cattle, creeping things, and wild animals, each according to its kind.” It was so. 25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 26 Then God said, “Let us make humankind in our image,⁠ after our likeness,⁠ so they may rule⁠ over⁠ the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.”⁠ 27 God created humankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them,⁠ male and female he created them.⁠ 28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply!⁠ Fill the earth and subdue it!⁠ Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that moves on the ground.”⁠ 29 Then God said, “I now give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the entire earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.⁠ 30 And to all the animals of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has living breath in it—I⁠ give every green plant for food.” It was so. 31 God saw all that he had made—and it was very good!⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 1:4 and 1 Enoch 41:8

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

1 Enoch describes God dividing light from darkness and at the same time dividing the spirits of humanity into righteous and sinners. This dualistic language echoes Genesis, where God separates light from darkness in the act of creation.

Passages

Genesis 1:4

Hebrew Bible
2 Now the earth was without shape and empty, and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep, but the Spirit of God was hovering11 over the surface of the water. 3 God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light! 4 God saw that the light was good, so God separated the light from the darkness. 5 God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.” There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day. 6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate water from water.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

1 Enoch 41:8

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
8 For the sun often changes for a blessing or a curse, and the path of the moon brings light to the righteous and darkness to the sinners in the name of the Lord, who separated the light from the darkness, divided the spirits of people, and strengthened the spirits of the righteous in the name of His righteousness. 9 No angel can hinder nor any power obstruct; for He appoints a judge for them all and He judges them all before Him.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

"... The Similitudes of Enoch are designed to reassure the righteous that their destiny is secure in the hands of 'that Son of Man.' Their representative lives in heaven, and their dwelling places are prepared. What they must do is believe and trust. The authority of Enoch and of his visions provides a basis for belief. The Similitudes do not appear to envisage any acute historical crisis. They can apply to any situation where the righteous feel oppressed by the kings and the mighty. In the first century CE, they could apply to any Jews who resented the rule of the pagan Romans or the impious Herods. The Similitudes offered to the powerless the assurance of a special destiny guaranteed by a heavenly patron. The heavenly world would furnish the respect and dignity denied them in the present. We may suspect that the matrix of the Similitudes was somewhat more specific than this. The quasi-technical terminology of 'righteous' and 'chosen' suggests that 'the community of the righteous' (38:1) was an actual community and not just a general reference to righteous people. The terminology of 'righteous' and 'chosen' is drawn from the earlier Enoch books. Jonas Greenfield and Michael Stone have noted some terminological resemblances to the Qumran scrolls — for example, 'spirits' for angels and the term 'lot' (1 Enoch 48:2) ... See further P. Sacchi, Jewish Apocalyptic and Its History 116, who points to the Essene overtones of 1 Enoch 41:8, which says that the Lord 'has created (a division) between light and darkness and has divided the spirits of men.' ... In view of the absence of the Similitudes from Qumran, we may safely conclude that they were not composed there. In view of the popularity of the other sections of 1 Enoch at Qumran, and of the near equality of sun and moon in chapter, we should hesitate to ascribe them to the group that composed the earlier Enoch writings ..."
John J. Collins, The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1998), 191.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 1:4 and 1 Enoch 41:8

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