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Genesis

About this book

Creation of the World

Chapter 1

1 In the beginning⁠ God created the heavens and the earth.⁠ 2 Now the earth was without shape and empty,⁠ and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep,⁠ but the Spirit of God was hovering11 over the surface of the water.⁠ 3 God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light!⁠ 4 God saw that the light was good,⁠ so God separated the light from the darkness.⁠ 5 God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.” There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day.⁠ 6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate⁠ water from water.”⁠ 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it.⁠ It was so.⁠ 8 God called the expanse “sky.”⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, a second day. 9 God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.”⁠ It was so.⁠ 10 God called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.”⁠ God saw that it was good.⁠ 11 God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: plants yielding seeds and trees on the land bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds.” It was so. 12 The land produced vegetation—plants yielding seeds according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 13 There was evening, and there was morning, a third day. 14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky⁠ to separate the day from the night,⁠ and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years,⁠ 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night.⁠ He made the stars also.⁠ 17 God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, 18 to preside over the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good. 19 There was evening, and there was morning, a fourth day. 20 God said, “Let the water swarm with swarms of living creatures and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.”⁠ 21 God created the great sea creatures⁠ and every living and moving thing with which the water swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind.⁠ God saw that it was good. 22 God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.”⁠ 23 There was evening, and there was morning, a fifth day. 24 God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: cattle, creeping things, and wild animals, each according to its kind.” It was so. 25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 26 Then God said, “Let us make humankind in our image,⁠ after our likeness,⁠ so they may rule⁠ over⁠ the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.”⁠ 27 God created humankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them,⁠ male and female he created them.⁠ 28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply!⁠ Fill the earth and subdue it!⁠ Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that moves on the ground.”⁠ 29 Then God said, “I now give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the entire earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.⁠ 30 And to all the animals of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has living breath in it—I⁠ give every green plant for food.” It was so. 31 God saw all that he had made—and it was very good!⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 1:31 and Onkelos Genesis 1:31

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis ends the creation story by declaring everything “very good,” language with many possible interpretations. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos translates it as “firmly established,” emphasizing order rather than moral quality.

Passages

Genesis 1:31

Hebrew Bible
29 Then God said, “I now give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the entire earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food. 30 And to all the animals of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has living breath in it—I give every green plant for food.” It was so. 31 God saw all that he had made—and it was very good! There was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Onkelos Genesis 1:31

Targum
27 And the Lord created Adam in His image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. 28 And the Lord blessed them, and said to them, “Spread out and multiply, and fill the earth, and have power over it, and rule over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the heavens, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.” 29 And the Lord said, “Look, I have given you every plant on all the earth that produces seed, and every tree whose fruit produces seed. It shall be yours for food. 30 And to every wild animal of the earth, and to every bird of the heavens, and to every crawling creature on the earth in which is the breath of life, I have given every green plant to eat.” And it was so. 31 And the Lord saw all that He had made, and saw that it was firmly established. And it was evening, and it was morning, the sixth day.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Genesis

References

"... Onkelos explains the biblical 'very good.' The created world was not simply pleasing: it was firmly established. Nachmanides reads more into the Targum than is warranted when he interprets the targumic words to mean that despite the fact that evil would exist, the world was so ordered that even evil would be necessary for the preservation of the 'good,' and that even death and the evil inclination would provide benefits. Sforno suggests that Scripture's 'very good' signifies that the end result of creation far exceeds the results of each part of it, which were only described as 'good.' Maimonides tells us that God did not create evil; evil is a human creation. 'Very good,' according to Maimonides, means the creation fitted its purpose and would never change or cease being, for the laws of nature were permanently fixed ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Genesis: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2006), 9.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Comments

  • If something is firmly established it indicates stability and order and looks very good.

    Jayakumar, August 16, 2026

Genesis 1:31 and Onkelos Genesis 1:31

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