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Genesis

About this book

Creation of the World

Chapter 1

1 In the beginning⁠ God created the heavens and the earth.⁠ 2 Now the earth was without shape and empty,⁠ and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep,⁠ but the Spirit of God was hovering11 over the surface of the water.⁠ 3 God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light!⁠ 4 God saw that the light was good,⁠ so God separated the light from the darkness.⁠ 5 God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.” There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day.⁠ 6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate⁠ water from water.”⁠ 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it.⁠ It was so.⁠ 8 God called the expanse “sky.”⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, a second day. 9 God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.”⁠ It was so.⁠ 10 God called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.”⁠ God saw that it was good.⁠ 11 God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: plants yielding seeds and trees on the land bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds.” It was so. 12 The land produced vegetation—plants yielding seeds according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 13 There was evening, and there was morning, a third day. 14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky⁠ to separate the day from the night,⁠ and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years,⁠ 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night.⁠ He made the stars also.⁠ 17 God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, 18 to preside over the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good. 19 There was evening, and there was morning, a fourth day. 20 God said, “Let the water swarm with swarms of living creatures and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.”⁠ 21 God created the great sea creatures⁠ and every living and moving thing with which the water swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind.⁠ God saw that it was good. 22 God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.”⁠ 23 There was evening, and there was morning, a fifth day. 24 God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: cattle, creeping things, and wild animals, each according to its kind.” It was so. 25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 26 Then God said, “Let us make humankind in our image,⁠ after our likeness,⁠ so they may rule⁠ over⁠ the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.”⁠ 27 God created humankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them,⁠ male and female he created them.⁠ 28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply!⁠ Fill the earth and subdue it!⁠ Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that moves on the ground.”⁠ 29 Then God said, “I now give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the entire earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.⁠ 30 And to all the animals of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has living breath in it—I⁠ give every green plant for food.” It was so. 31 God saw all that he had made—and it was very good!⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 1:21 and Neofiti Genesis 1:21

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Genesis, God creates the great sea monsters, and in the Aramaic Targum Neofiti he creates two great monsters, a pair that may echo a similar tradition about Leviathan and Behemoth.

Passages

Genesis 1:21

Hebrew Bible
20 God said, “Let the water swarm with swarms of living creatures and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.” 21 God created the great sea creatures and every living and moving thing with which the water swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. God saw that it was good. 22 God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Neofiti Genesis 1:21

Targum
20 And the Memra of the Lord said, “Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth, across the face of the air of the firmament of the heavens.” 21 And the Lord created the two great monsters, and every living creature that creeps, with which the waters swarmed, after their kinds, and every winged bird after its kind. And it was revealed before the Lord that it was pleasing and fitting. 22 And the Memra of the Lord blessed them, saying, “Be strong and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.”
300–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Neofiti Genesis

References

"... If this mythical sea is not itself personified, it is the abode of monstrous creatures of malevolent will which embody the threat of terminal disorder directed against the inhabitants of dry land, a threat which is checked but not eliminated by the first creation. The best-known of these creatures is Leviathan (litānu in the Ugaritic texts), an immense, serpentine creature, seven-headed like the Hydra slain by Heracles. According to a later opinion, Leviathan was female like Tiāmat, the salt-ocean goddess, while its male counterpart, Behemoth, was a land creature (1 Enoch 60:7-9, 24). Yet later tradition mitigated the terror and threat by representing Leviathan as a source of protein for the elect (2 Esdras 6:49-52; 2 Baruch 29:4; Targum on Genesis 1:21). Closely associated, if not actually identical with Leviathan under different names, are the Dragon (Tannin) and Rahab. The former is perhaps the product of a mythicization of very large aquatic creatures (whales, narwhals, sharks) no doubt known to Eastern Mediterranean peoples from early times. Such tannînîm were created on the fifth day of the first week (Genesis 1:21) and are admonished by the psalmist to praise God (Psalm 148:7). The great Tannin is however a creature of a quite different kind, a monstrous being which opposed God in the cosmic war preceding the six-day creation (Isaiah 27:1; 51:9) and will no doubt ‘raise its fabulous green head’ at the end of the age. The same role and much the same characteristics are assigned to Rahab (Psalm 89:11; Job 9:13; 26:12; Isaiah 51:9), though both Tannin and Rahab are historicized as personifications of Egypt and its Pharaoh ..."
Joseph Blenkinsopp, Creation, Un-creation, Re-creation: A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1-11 (London: T&T Clark International, 2011), 38.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 1:21 and Neofiti Genesis 1:21

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