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Genesis

About this book

Creation of the World

Chapter 1

1 In the beginning⁠ God created the heavens and the earth.⁠ 2 Now the earth was without shape and empty,⁠ and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep,⁠ but the Spirit of God was hovering11 over the surface of the water.⁠ 3 God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light!⁠ 4 God saw that the light was good,⁠ so God separated the light from the darkness.⁠ 5 God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.” There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day.⁠ 6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate⁠ water from water.”⁠ 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it.⁠ It was so.⁠ 8 God called the expanse “sky.”⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, a second day. 9 God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.”⁠ It was so.⁠ 10 God called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.”⁠ God saw that it was good.⁠ 11 God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: plants yielding seeds and trees on the land bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds.” It was so. 12 The land produced vegetation—plants yielding seeds according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 13 There was evening, and there was morning, a third day. 14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky⁠ to separate the day from the night,⁠ and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years,⁠ 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night.⁠ He made the stars also.⁠ 17 God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, 18 to preside over the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good. 19 There was evening, and there was morning, a fourth day. 20 God said, “Let the water swarm with swarms of living creatures and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.”⁠ 21 God created the great sea creatures⁠ and every living and moving thing with which the water swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind.⁠ God saw that it was good. 22 God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.”⁠ 23 There was evening, and there was morning, a fifth day. 24 God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: cattle, creeping things, and wild animals, each according to its kind.” It was so. 25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 26 Then God said, “Let us make humankind in our image,⁠ after our likeness,⁠ so they may rule⁠ over⁠ the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.”⁠ 27 God created humankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them,⁠ male and female he created them.⁠ 28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply!⁠ Fill the earth and subdue it!⁠ Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that moves on the ground.”⁠ 29 Then God said, “I now give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the entire earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.⁠ 30 And to all the animals of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has living breath in it—I⁠ give every green plant for food.” It was so. 31 God saw all that he had made—and it was very good!⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 1:14 and Psalm 104:19

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis says the sun and moon were given to highlight “appointed times,” a phrase that can mean the seasons or cultural practices. Genesis is unclear about which light sets them, but Psalm 104 says the moon is the one that determines these times.

Passages

Genesis 1:14

Hebrew Bible
13 There was evening, and there was morning, a third day. 14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years, 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night. He made the stars also.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Psalm 104:19

Hebrew Bible
18 The wild goats live in the high mountains; the rock badgers find safety in the cliffs. 19 He made the moon to mark the months, and the sun sets according to a regular schedule. 20 You make it dark and night comes, during which all the beasts of the forest prowl around.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... What does môʿăḏîm “appointed times” in Genesis 1:14 refer to? VanGemeren says môʿēd has a non-cultic and cultic use. Under the non-cultic use môʿēd refers to a determined place or time and this can vary from the birth of a child (Genesis 17:21) to the migration of a bird (Jeremiah 8:7). A meeting between Jonathan and David, for example, can be referred to in this way (1 Samuel 20:35). Under the cultic use môʿēd refers to a religious festival, e.g., Leviticus 23.2, 4, 44, Isaiah 1:14, Ezekiel 36:38, 44:24, 45:17, Hosea 2:9. But môʿēd can refer to more than the pilgrimage festivals. In the Old Testament “feast” in the general sense of the word referred to “all set times of communal observance”. Even so, most English versions translate môʿăḏîm in Genesis 1:14 as “seasons (of the year)”. Some translate it literally as “set times, fixed times,” etc. and some translate môʿăḏîm as “religious festivals” ... However, whereas Genesis 1:14 is ambivalent as to whether the sun or the moon are signs for môʿăḏîm ‘appointed times,’ Psalm 104:19 is unequivocal in specifying that it is the moon (yārēaḥ) that marks the môʿăḏîm and not the sun (šemeš) ..."
John R. Roberts, The Anachronism of Môʿăḏîm ‘Appointed Times’ in Gen 1.14 (Dallas: SIL International, 2016), 1–8.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 1:14 and Psalm 104:19

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