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Genesis

About this book

Creation of the World

Chapter 1

1 In the beginning⁠ God created the heavens and the earth.⁠ 2 Now the earth was without shape and empty,⁠ and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep,⁠ but the Spirit of God was hovering11 over the surface of the water.⁠ 3 God said, “Let there be light.” And there was light!⁠ 4 God saw that the light was good,⁠ so God separated the light from the darkness.⁠ 5 God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.” There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day.⁠ 6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate⁠ water from water.”⁠ 7 So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it.⁠ It was so.⁠ 8 God called the expanse “sky.”⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, a second day. 9 God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.”⁠ It was so.⁠ 10 God called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.”⁠ God saw that it was good.⁠ 11 God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: plants yielding seeds and trees on the land bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds.” It was so. 12 The land produced vegetation—plants yielding seeds according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 13 There was evening, and there was morning, a third day. 14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky⁠ to separate the day from the night,⁠ and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years,⁠ 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night.⁠ He made the stars also.⁠ 17 God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, 18 to preside over the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good. 19 There was evening, and there was morning, a fourth day. 20 God said, “Let the water swarm with swarms of living creatures and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.”⁠ 21 God created the great sea creatures⁠ and every living and moving thing with which the water swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind.⁠ God saw that it was good. 22 God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.”⁠ 23 There was evening, and there was morning, a fifth day. 24 God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: cattle, creeping things, and wild animals, each according to its kind.” It was so. 25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 26 Then God said, “Let us make humankind in our image,⁠ after our likeness,⁠ so they may rule⁠ over⁠ the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.”⁠ 27 God created humankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them,⁠ male and female he created them.⁠ 28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply!⁠ Fill the earth and subdue it!⁠ Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that moves on the ground.”⁠ 29 Then God said, “I now give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the entire earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.⁠ 30 And to all the animals of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has living breath in it—I⁠ give every green plant for food.” It was so. 31 God saw all that he had made—and it was very good!⁠ There was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 1:14 and 1 Enoch 82:7

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

1 Enoch 82 uses the language of Genesis to describe the sun, moon, and stars as lights created to organize time. 1 Enoch expands this with detailed astronomical observations often used in early Jewish traditions.

Passages

Genesis 1:14

Hebrew Bible
14 God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years, 15 and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.” It was so. 16 God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night. He made the stars also. 17 God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, 18 to preside over the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

1 Enoch 82:7

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
6 For they are part of the yearly count and are accurately recorded there forever, one in the first portal, one in the third, one in the fourth, and one in the sixth, and the year is completed in three hundred and sixty-four days. 7 And the accounting of this is precise, and the recorded count is exact; for the lights, months, festivals, years, and days, Uriel has shown and revealed to me, to whom the Lord of all creation has assigned the army of heaven. 8 And he has authority over night and day in the sky to make the light illuminate men—sun, moon, and stars, and all the powers of the heavens that move in their orbits. 9 And these are the orders of the stars, which stay in their places, and in their times and festivals and months.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

"... A third conclusion is also likely though not demonstrated: the original form of 1 Enoch 72-82 is an example of Jewish literature from the eastern Diaspora, where the author learned the astronomy contained in it. The work shows Jewish interaction with the surrounding culture, hardly seclusion from it. Though the Book of the Luminaries is a granddaughter translation and an abbreviation of a much older Aramaic text, it retains clear evidence that the work made use of earlier Jewish scriptures ... Genesis 1:14-19 ... The paragraph devoted to the creative acts on the fourth day has left its imprint on the Book of the Luminaries in several places. In Genesis 1:16 the Priestly writer reports that "God made the two great lights - the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light lo rule the night - and the Stars. He never refers to the two great lights by name: their identity as sun and moon must be inferred from the domain they rule ..."
George W. E. Nickelsburg, A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch Chapters 37-82 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2012), 383.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 1:14 and 1 Enoch 82:7

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