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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 5

1 For freedom Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not be subject again to the yoke of slavery.⁠ 2 Listen! I, Paul, tell you that if you let yourselves be circumcised, Christ will be of no benefit to you at all! 3 And I testify again to every man who lets himself be circumcised that he is obligated to obey the whole law. 4 You who are trying to be declared righteous by the law have been alienated from Christ; you have fallen away from grace! 5 For through the Spirit, by faith, we wait expectantly for the hope of righteousness. 6 For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision carries any weight—the only thing that matters is faith working through love. 7 You were running well; who prevented you from obeying the truth?⁠ 8 This persuasion does not come from the one who calls you! 9 A little yeast makes the whole batch of dough rise! 10 I am confident in the Lord that you will accept no other view. But the one who is confusing you will pay the penalty, whoever he may be. 11 Now, brothers and sisters, if I am still preaching circumcision, why am I still being persecuted? In that case the offense of the cross has been removed.⁠ 12 I wish those agitators would go so far as to castrate themselves! 13 For you were called to freedom, brothers and sisters; only do not use your freedom as an opportunity to indulge your flesh, but through love serve one another. 14 For the whole law can be summed up in a single commandment, namely, “You must love your neighbor as yourself.” 15 However, if you continually bite and devour one another, beware that you are not consumed by one another. 16 But I say, live by the Spirit and you will not carry out the desires of the flesh. 17 For the flesh has desires that are opposed to the Spirit, and the Spirit has desires that are opposed to the flesh,⁠ for these are in opposition to each other, so that you cannot do what you want.⁠ 18 But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law. 19 Now the works of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, depravity, 20 idolatry, sorcery, hostilities, strife, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish rivalries, dissensions, factions, 21 envying, murder, drunkenness, carousing, and similar things. I am warning you, as I had warned you before: Those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God! 22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,⁠ 23 gentleness, and self-control. Against such things there is no law. 24 Now those who belong to Christ have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires. 25 If we live by the Spirit, let us also behave in accordance with the Spirit. 26 Let us not become conceited, provoking one another, being jealous of one another.

Texts in conversation

Compare Galatians 5:22 and Pirkei Avot 6:1

New Testament · Rabbinic

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Summary

In Galatians, Paul describes the fruit of the Spirit as love, patience, and peace. Rabbinic tradition in Pirkei Avot uses similar language, based on Isaiah, to describe how Torah study produces fruit in a person’s life.

Passages

Galatians 5:22

New Testament
19 Now the works of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, depravity, 20 idolatry, sorcery, hostilities, strife, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish rivalries, dissensions, factions, 21 envying, murder, drunkenness, carousing, and similar things. I am warning you, as I had warned you before: Those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God! 22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, 23 gentleness, and self-control. Against such things there is no law. 24 Now those who belong to Christ have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires. 25 If we live by the Spirit, let us also behave in accordance with the Spirit. 26 Let us not become conceited, provoking one another, being jealous of one another.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

Pirkei Avot 6:1

Rabbinic · Mishnah
1 The sages taught in the language of the mishnah. Blessed be He who chose them and their teaching. Rabbi Meir said: Whoever occupies himself with the Torah for its own sake merits many things; not only that, but he is worth the whole world. He is called beloved friend, one who loves God, one who loves humankind, one who gladdens God, one who gladdens humankind. The Torah clothes him in humility and reverence, and equips him to be righteous, pious, upright, and trustworthy. It keeps him far from sin and brings him near to merit. People benefit from his counsel, sound knowledge, understanding, and strength, as it is said, "Counsel is mine and sound wisdom; I am understanding, strength is mine" (Proverbs 8:14). It bestows upon him royalty, dominion, and acuteness in judgment. To him are revealed the secrets of the Torah, and he is made like an ever-flowing spring, and like a stream that never ceases. He becomes modest, patient, and forgiving of insult. And it magnifies him and exalts him over everything.
190–230 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pirkei Avot

References

"... The metaphor of moral fruit is frequent in the Gospel tradition (Matthew 3:8, 10; 7:16–20; 12:33; Luke 3:8–9; 6:43–44; 13:6–9; John 15:2–8, 16; probably Mark 11:14; 12:2) and is often developed by early Christian writers (Philippians 1:11; Ephesians 5:9; Colossians 1:10; Hebrews 12:11; James 3:18; Jude 12). Yet the image was also a natural one in antiquity. Thus in Hosea, Israel yielded fruit for idolatry (10:1, 4, 13), but God would make them sow and reap righteousness (10:11–12); God would cause Israel to blossom and bear fruit (14:5–7), and he would be the source of their fruit (14:8). Likewise, Jewish people could speak of the Torah as a seed that would bear fruit in God’s people (4 Ezra 3:20; 9:31, 33). (Compare Pirkei Avot 3:17; compare the “fruit of righteousness” in the later Apoc. Sedrach 12:5; good works as fruit in Numbers Rabbah 3:1. The results of Torah learning as fruit (Numbers Rabbah 21:15) may be simply like any profit as fruit.) Given their proximity to agrarian life, even urban hearers in antiquity would be able to comprehend fruit in a figurative sense. One could compare with fruit a person’s gifts, the products of one’s mind, or other characteristics consistent with one’s nature. Thus, for example, the “fruit” of hatred is bitter; a Stoic expounds on the fruit of reason; Socrates reportedly wanted to cultivate Alcibiades as a plant so his “fruit” would not be destroyed; the fruit of knowledge is a deeper intellectual life; the fruits of education are great ..."
Craig S. Keener, “A Comparison of the Fruit of the Spirit in Galatians 5:22–23 with Ancient Thought on Ethics and Emotion,” in The Language and Literature of the New Testament: Essays in Honor of Stanley E. Porter's 60th Birthday, ed. Lois K. Fuller Dow, Craig A. Evans, and Andrew W. Pitts, BibInt 150 (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 574–598.

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Galatians 5:22 and Pirkei Avot 6:1

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