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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 5

1 For freedom Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not be subject again to the yoke of slavery.⁠ 2 Listen! I, Paul, tell you that if you let yourselves be circumcised, Christ will be of no benefit to you at all! 3 And I testify again to every man who lets himself be circumcised that he is obligated to obey the whole law. 4 You who are trying to be declared righteous by the law have been alienated from Christ; you have fallen away from grace! 5 For through the Spirit, by faith, we wait expectantly for the hope of righteousness. 6 For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision carries any weight—the only thing that matters is faith working through love. 7 You were running well; who prevented you from obeying the truth?⁠ 8 This persuasion does not come from the one who calls you! 9 A little yeast makes the whole batch of dough rise! 10 I am confident in the Lord that you will accept no other view. But the one who is confusing you will pay the penalty, whoever he may be. 11 Now, brothers and sisters, if I am still preaching circumcision, why am I still being persecuted? In that case the offense of the cross has been removed.⁠ 12 I wish those agitators would go so far as to castrate themselves! 13 For you were called to freedom, brothers and sisters; only do not use your freedom as an opportunity to indulge your flesh, but through love serve one another. 14 For the whole law can be summed up in a single commandment, namely, “You must love your neighbor as yourself.” 15 However, if you continually bite and devour one another, beware that you are not consumed by one another. 16 But I say, live by the Spirit and you will not carry out the desires of the flesh. 17 For the flesh has desires that are opposed to the Spirit, and the Spirit has desires that are opposed to the flesh,⁠ for these are in opposition to each other, so that you cannot do what you want.⁠ 18 But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law. 19 Now the works of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, depravity, 20 idolatry, sorcery, hostilities, strife, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish rivalries, dissensions, factions, 21 envying, murder, drunkenness, carousing, and similar things. I am warning you, as I had warned you before: Those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God! 22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,⁠ 23 gentleness, and self-control. Against such things there is no law. 24 Now those who belong to Christ have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires. 25 If we live by the Spirit, let us also behave in accordance with the Spirit. 26 Let us not become conceited, provoking one another, being jealous of one another.

Texts in conversation

Compare Wisdom of Solomon 9:15 and Galatians 5:17

Deuterocanon · New Testament

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Summary

Wisdom of Solomon says the body is a weight that pulls the soul down, contrasting fragile bodies with higher spiritual life. In Galatians, Paul uses a similar contrast, describing flesh and spirit as rival forces shaping human behavior.

Passages

Wisdom of Solomon 9:15

Deuterocanon
13 For what man will know the counsel of God? Or who will conceive what the Lord wills? 14 For the thoughts of mortals are unstable, and our plans are prone to fail. 15 For a corruptible body weighs down the soul. The earthy tent burdens a mind that is full of cares. 16 We can hardly guess the things that are on earth, and we find the things that are close at hand with labor; but who has traced out the things that are in the heavens? 17 Who gained knowledge of your counsel, unless you gave wisdom, and sent your holy spirit from on high?
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

Galatians 5:17

New Testament
15 However, if you continually bite and devour one another, beware that you are not consumed by one another. 16 But I say, live by the Spirit and you will not carry out the desires of the flesh. 17 For the flesh has desires that are opposed to the Spirit, and the Spirit has desires that are opposed to the flesh, for these are in opposition to each other, so that you cannot do what you want. 18 But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law. 19 Now the works of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, depravity,
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

"... Against common scholarly opinion, even early Jewish sources often distinguish soul from body. We might expect this distinction in Josephus and other Hellenized sources, but it also appears in many sources traditionally viewed as less Hellenized. Jewish sources, both those traditionally regarded as more Hellenized and other sources, also usually embraced the immortality of the soul. Some even used various forms of the Greek idea of the body as a tomb. (Wisdom of Solomon 9:15; Josephus, War 2.154-55) ... In Romans as in Galatians, the “flesh” offers an inadequate response to God’s righteous standard in the law (Romans 7:5, 14, 25; 8:3–4, 7; compare 2:28; 3:20); the Spirit, by contrast, empowers true righteousness, providing an internal rather than external law (Romans 8:2, 4; compare 7:6; Galatians 3:2, 5; 5:18, 23). The mind of the Spirit, then, is a mind led by righteousness such as embodied in the principles of the law (compare Romans 8:2), perhaps fulfilling the ideal of meditation on the law (Deuteronomy 6:6; Joshua 1:8; Psalm 1:2; 119:15, 23, 48, 78, 148) and providing obedience (Ezekiel 36:27; compare Deuteronomy 5:29; 30:6). This mind directed by the Spirit is undoubtedly at least part of what it means to be “led by the Spirit” (Romans 8:14; compare Galatians 5:16–23) ..."
Craig S. Keener, “'Fleshly' Versus Spirit Perspectives in Romans 8:5-8,” in Paul: Jew, Greek, and Roman, ed. Stanley E. Porter (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 211–229.

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Wisdom of Solomon 9:15 and Galatians 5:17

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