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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 5

1 For freedom Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not be subject again to the yoke of slavery.⁠ 2 Listen! I, Paul, tell you that if you let yourselves be circumcised, Christ will be of no benefit to you at all! 3 And I testify again to every man who lets himself be circumcised that he is obligated to obey the whole law. 4 You who are trying to be declared righteous by the law have been alienated from Christ; you have fallen away from grace! 5 For through the Spirit, by faith, we wait expectantly for the hope of righteousness. 6 For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision carries any weight—the only thing that matters is faith working through love. 7 You were running well; who prevented you from obeying the truth?⁠ 8 This persuasion does not come from the one who calls you! 9 A little yeast makes the whole batch of dough rise! 10 I am confident in the Lord that you will accept no other view. But the one who is confusing you will pay the penalty, whoever he may be. 11 Now, brothers and sisters, if I am still preaching circumcision, why am I still being persecuted? In that case the offense of the cross has been removed.⁠ 12 I wish those agitators would go so far as to castrate themselves! 13 For you were called to freedom, brothers and sisters; only do not use your freedom as an opportunity to indulge your flesh, but through love serve one another. 14 For the whole law can be summed up in a single commandment, namely, “You must love your neighbor as yourself.” 15 However, if you continually bite and devour one another, beware that you are not consumed by one another. 16 But I say, live by the Spirit and you will not carry out the desires of the flesh. 17 For the flesh has desires that are opposed to the Spirit, and the Spirit has desires that are opposed to the flesh,⁠ for these are in opposition to each other, so that you cannot do what you want.⁠ 18 But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law. 19 Now the works of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, depravity, 20 idolatry, sorcery, hostilities, strife, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish rivalries, dissensions, factions, 21 envying, murder, drunkenness, carousing, and similar things. I am warning you, as I had warned you before: Those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God! 22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,⁠ 23 gentleness, and self-control. Against such things there is no law. 24 Now those who belong to Christ have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires. 25 If we live by the Spirit, let us also behave in accordance with the Spirit. 26 Let us not become conceited, provoking one another, being jealous of one another.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Maccabees 2:46 and Galatians 5:12

Deuterocanon · New Testament

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Summary

1 Maccabees describes intense zeal for the Torah with actions like tearing down altars and forcibly circumcising boys. In Galatians, Paul recalls his own zeal using similar language but now using it to criticize those who want Gentiles to be circumcised.

Passages

1 Maccabees 2:46

Deuterocanon
41 So they decided that day, saying, “Whoever comes against us to battle on the Sabbath day, let’s fight against him, and we will in no way all die, as our kindred died in the secret places.” 42 Then a company of the Hasidaeans, mighty men of Israel, everyone who offered himself willingly for the law, were gathered together to them. 43 All those who fled from the evils were added to them, and supported them. 44 They mustered an army, and struck sinners in their anger, and lawless men in their wrath. The rest fled to the Gentiles for safety. 45 And Mattathias and his friends went around and pulled down the altars. 46 They forcibly circumcised the boys who were uncircumcised, as many as they found in the coasts of Israel. 47 They pursued the arrogant, and the work prospered in their hand.
134–63 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Maccabees

Galatians 5:12

New Testament
6 For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision carries any weight—the only thing that matters is faith working through love. 7 You were running well; who prevented you from obeying the truth? 8 This persuasion does not come from the one who calls you! 9 A little yeast makes the whole batch of dough rise! 10 I am confident in the Lord that you will accept no other view. But the one who is confusing you will pay the penalty, whoever he may be. 11 Now, brothers and sisters, if I am still preaching circumcision, why am I still being persecuted? In that case the offense of the cross has been removed. 12 I wish those agitators would go so far as to castrate themselves! 13 For you were called to freedom, brothers and sisters; only do not use your freedom as an opportunity to indulge your flesh, but through love serve one another.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

"... Paul gives further description to his former way of life in verse 13 by saying that on the one hand he persecuted exceedingly the assembly of God, no doubt because he believed it to be beyond the pale, an apostate community and no doubt Torah-true Jewish one, not the assembly of God at all, and on the other hand he himself was heading in the opposite direction from the assembly of God hand advancing and progressing in Judaism beyond most of his Jewish contemporaries. The key to both the negative and positive behavior of Paul was what he describes in verse 14 as his exceedingly great zeal for the traditions of his ancestors. The verbs [he uses] are both in the imperfect and refer to past repeated actions, not one time aberrations from a person's normal conduct. The two verbs must be interpreted together with the latter making more explicit what is implicit in the former. These are political terms, with the latter regularly used to refer to the sacking or destroying or devastating of a city, and the former in this sort of context referring to persecution, not mere pursuit (compare Josephus The Jewish Wars 4.534 and 1 Maccabees 2:47; 3:5 where in a close parallel it refers to the pursuit and persecution of apostate Jews) ..."
Ben Witherington, Grace in Galatia: A Commentary on St. Paul’s Letter to the Galatians (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1998), 100.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Maccabees 2:46 and Galatians 5:12

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