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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 3

1 You foolish Galatians! Who has given you the evil eye?*⁠ Before your eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed as crucified!⁠ 2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? Although you began with the Spirit, are you now trying to finish by human effort? 4 Have you suffered so many things for nothing?—if indeed it was for nothing. 5 Does God then give you the Spirit and work miracles among you by your doing the works of the law or by your believing what you heard? 6 Just as Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness,⁠ 7 so then, understand that those who believe are the sons of Abraham. 8 And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, proclaimed the gospel to Abraham ahead of time, saying, “All the nations will be blessed in you.” 9 So then those who believe are blessed along with Abraham the believer. 10 For all who rely on doing the works of the law are under a curse⁠ because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who does not keep on doing everything written in the book of the law.”⁠ 11 Now it is clear no one is justified before God by the law because the righteous one will live by faith.⁠ 12 But the law is not based on faith, but the one who does the works of the law will live by them.⁠ 13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us⁠ (because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”)⁠ 14 in order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham would come to the Gentiles, so that we could receive the promise of the Spirit by faith. 15 Brothers and sisters, I offer an example from everyday life: When a covenant has been ratified, even though it is only a human contract, no one can set it aside or add anything to it. 16 Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his descendant. Scripture does not say, “and to the descendants,” referring to many,⁠ but “and to your descendant,” referring to one, who is Christ. 17 What I am saying is this: The law that came 430 years later does not cancel a covenant previously ratified by God, so as to invalidate the promise.⁠ 18 For if the inheritance is based on the law, it is no longer based on the promise, but God graciously gave it to Abraham through the promise. 19 Why then was the law given? It was added because of transgressions, until the arrival of the descendant to whom the promise had been made. It was administered through angels by an intermediary.⁠ 20 Now an intermediary is not for one party alone, but God is one. 21 Is the law therefore opposed to the promises of God? Absolutely not! For if a law had been given that was able to give life, then righteousness would certainly have come by the law. 22 But the scripture imprisoned everything under sin so that the promise could be given—because of the faithfulness of Jesus Christ—to those who believe. 23 Now before faith came we were held in custody under the law, being kept as prisoners until the coming faith would be revealed.⁠ 24 Thus the law had become our guardian until Christ, so that we could be declared righteous by faith.⁠ 25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian. 26 For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God through faith. 27 For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ.⁠ 28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free,⁠ there is neither male nor female—for⁠ all of you are one in Christ Jesus.⁠ 29 And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s descendants, heirs according to the promise.

Texts in conversation

Compare Galatians 3:1 and Pirkei Avot 2:11

New Testament · Rabbinic

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Summary

In Galatians, Paul accuses the Galatians of being a victim of the "evil eye," a curse referenced in texts such as Proverbs, Sirach, and Pirkei Avot. This connects Paul's rebuke to a common tradition where greed or envy can cause real harm.

Passages

Galatians 3:1

New Testament
1 You foolish Galatians! Who has given you the evil eye?* Before your eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed as crucified! 2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? Although you began with the Spirit, are you now trying to finish by human effort? 4 Have you suffered so many things for nothing?—if indeed it was for nothing. 5 Does God then give you the Spirit and work miracles among you by your doing the works of the law or by your believing what you heard?
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

Pirkei Avot 2:11

Rabbinic · Mishnah
11 Rabbi Joshua said: an evil eye, the evil inclination, and hatred for humankind put a person out of the world. 12 Rabbi Yose said: Let the property of your fellow be as precious to you as your own; make yourself fit to study Torah, for it will not be yours by inheritance; and let all your actions be for the sake of the name of Heaven. 13 Rabbi Shimon said: Be careful with the reading of Shema and the prayer. When you pray, do not make your prayer something automatic, but a plea for compassion before God, for it is said: "for he is gracious and compassionate, slow to anger, abounding in kindness, and renouncing punishment" (Joel 2:13). And do not regard yourself as wicked.
190–230 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pirkei Avot

References

"... Galatians 3:1 ... In his letter to the Galatians, Paul implies that a competing group of Christians who followed the Jewish law, led by James, would have been jealous of the freedom Paul had given them in not being bound to Torah: 'O uncomprehending Galatians, who has injured you with an evil eye, you before whose very eyes Jesus Christ was proclaimed as crucified?' ... Damage caused by the Evil Eye ... Mishnah Avot 2:11, Proverbs 23:6; 28:22, Sirach 18:18; 31:12-13, Wisdom of Solomon 4:12 ..."
John H. Elliott, "The Evil Eye" in Crook, Zeba A., (ed.) The Ancient Mediterranean Social World: A Sourcebook (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2020), 7–11.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Galatians 3:1 and Pirkei Avot 2:11

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