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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 3

1 You foolish Galatians! Who has given you the evil eye?*⁠ Before your eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed as crucified!⁠ 2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? Although you began with the Spirit, are you now trying to finish by human effort? 4 Have you suffered so many things for nothing?—if indeed it was for nothing. 5 Does God then give you the Spirit and work miracles among you by your doing the works of the law or by your believing what you heard? 6 Just as Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness,⁠ 7 so then, understand that those who believe are the sons of Abraham. 8 And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, proclaimed the gospel to Abraham ahead of time, saying, “All the nations will be blessed in you.” 9 So then those who believe are blessed along with Abraham the believer. 10 For all who rely on doing the works of the law are under a curse⁠ because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who does not keep on doing everything written in the book of the law.”⁠ 11 Now it is clear no one is justified before God by the law because the righteous one will live by faith.⁠ 12 But the law is not based on faith, but the one who does the works of the law will live by them.⁠ 13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us⁠ (because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”)⁠ 14 in order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham would come to the Gentiles, so that we could receive the promise of the Spirit by faith. 15 Brothers and sisters, I offer an example from everyday life: When a covenant has been ratified, even though it is only a human contract, no one can set it aside or add anything to it. 16 Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and to his descendant. Scripture does not say, “and to the descendants,” referring to many,⁠ but “and to your descendant,” referring to one, who is Christ. 17 What I am saying is this: The law that came 430 years later does not cancel a covenant previously ratified by God, so as to invalidate the promise.⁠ 18 For if the inheritance is based on the law, it is no longer based on the promise, but God graciously gave it to Abraham through the promise. 19 Why then was the law given? It was added because of transgressions, until the arrival of the descendant to whom the promise had been made. It was administered through angels by an intermediary.⁠ 20 Now an intermediary is not for one party alone, but God is one. 21 Is the law therefore opposed to the promises of God? Absolutely not! For if a law had been given that was able to give life, then righteousness would certainly have come by the law. 22 But the scripture imprisoned everything under sin so that the promise could be given—because of the faithfulness of Jesus Christ—to those who believe. 23 Now before faith came we were held in custody under the law, being kept as prisoners until the coming faith would be revealed.⁠ 24 Thus the law had become our guardian until Christ, so that we could be declared righteous by faith.⁠ 25 But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian. 26 For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God through faith. 27 For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ.⁠ 28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free,⁠ there is neither male nor female—for⁠ all of you are one in Christ Jesus.⁠ 29 And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s descendants, heirs according to the promise.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 28:54 and Galatians 3:1

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Deuteronomy and Galatians reflect a common view of the “evil eye” as a harmful look driven by greed or envy. Deuteronomy includes it among covenant curses, and Paul uses it to describe envy influencing the community.

Passages

Deuteronomy 28:54

Hebrew Bible
53 You will then eat your own offspring, the flesh of the sons and daughters the Lord your God has given you, because of the severity of the siege by which your enemies will constrict you. 54 The man among you who is by nature tender and sensitive will look with an evil eye* against his brother, his beloved wife, and his remaining children. 55 He will withhold from all of them his children’s flesh that he is eating (since there is nothing else left), because of the severity of the siege by which your enemy will constrict you in your villages.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Galatians 3:1

New Testament
1 You foolish Galatians! Who has given you the evil eye?* Before your eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed as crucified! 2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? 3 Are you so foolish? Although you began with the Spirit, are you now trying to finish by human effort?
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

"... Deuteronomy 28:47–57 elaborates on the divine curses to befall Israel because of its nonobservance of the commandments and its failure to serve the Lord with joyfulness and gladness of heart (28:47). Judah, according to Moses’s forecast, will be attacked and besieged by a merciless enemy (the Neo-Babylonian invasion of 587 BCE in the reign of King Zedekiah), stripped of its cattle and food, and its population reduced to want and starvation (28:48–52). The besieged will finally resort to eating their own children (28:53). In this situation of extreme deprivation, desperation, cannibalism, and the evil eye, family members will be subject to the depraved evil eye of their very own relatives—the most extreme illustration of evil-eye behavior in all Scripture ..."
Zeba A. Crook, ed., The Ancient Mediterranean Social World: A Sourcebook (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2020), 532–533.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 28:54 and Galatians 3:1

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