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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 2

1 Then after fourteen years I went up to Jerusalem again with Barnabas, taking Titus along too. 2 I went there because of a revelation and presented to them the gospel that I preach among the Gentiles. But I did so only in a private meeting with the influential people, to make sure that I was not running—or had not run—in vain. 3 Yet not even Titus, who was with me, was compelled to be circumcised, although he was a Greek. 4 Now this matter arose because of the false brothers with false pretenses who slipped in unnoticed to spy on our freedom that we have in Christ Jesus, to make us slaves. 5 But we did not surrender to them even for a moment, in order that the truth of the gospel would remain with you. 6 But from those who were influential (whatever they were makes no difference to me; God shows no favoritism between people)—those influential leaders added nothing to my message. 7 On the contrary, when they saw that I was entrusted with the gospel to the uncircumcised just as Peter was entrusted with the gospel to the circumcised 8 (for he who empowered Peter for his apostleship to the circumcised also empowered me for my apostleship to the Gentiles) 9 and when James, Cephas, and John, who had a reputation as pillars, recognized the grace that had been given to me, they gave to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, agreeing that we would go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised. 10 They requested only that we remember the poor, the very thing I also was eager to do. 11 But when Cephas came to Antioch, I opposed him to his face, because he had clearly done wrong. 12 Until certain people came from James, he had been eating with the Gentiles. But when they arrived, he stopped doing this and separated himself because he was afraid of those who were pro-circumcision.⁠ 13 And the rest of the Jews also joined with him in this hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was led astray with them by their hypocrisy. 14 But when I saw that they were not behaving consistently with the truth of the gospel, I said to Cephas in front of them all, “If you, although you are a Jew, live like a Gentile and not like a Jew, how can you try to force the Gentiles to live like Jews?”⁠ 15 We are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners, 16 yet we know that no one is justified by the works of the law⁠ but by the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. And we have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we may be justified by the faithfulness of Christ and not by the works of the law, because by the works of the law no one will be justified.⁠ 17 But if while seeking to be justified in Christ we ourselves have also been found to be sinners, is Christ then one who encourages sin? Absolutely not! 18 But if I build up again those things I once destroyed, I demonstrate that I am one who breaks God’s law. 19 For through the law I died to the law so that I may live to God. 20 I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me. So the life I now live in the body, I live because of the faithfulness of the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me. 21 I do not set aside God’s grace, because if righteousness could come through the law, then Christ died for nothing!

Texts in conversation

Compare 4Q398 14–17 ii 3 and Galatians 2:16

Dead Sea Scrolls, Torah and Temple Practices · New Testament

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Summary

In 4Q398 from the Dead Sea Scrolls, works of the Torah describe practices urged on the letter’s recipient. Galatians uses the same phrase in a denial that such works can justify anyone, directing readers to Jesus.

Passages

4Q398 14–17 ii 3

Dead Sea Scrolls, Torah and Temple Practices · 4QMMT/The Halakhic Letter
2 was delivered from many troubles and was forgiven. And we too have written to you 3 some of the works of the Torah that we judged good for you and for your people, for we saw 4 in you prudence and knowledge of the Torah. Understand all these things and seek from him that he may set right 5 your counsel and put far from you the plans of evil and the counsel of Belial, 6 so that you may rejoice at the end of the time, when you find that some of our words are true. 7 And it will be reckoned to you as righteousness when you do what is upright and good before him, for your good 8 and for Israel.
150–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4Q398

Galatians 2:16

New Testament
15 We are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners, 16 yet we know that no one is justified by the works of the law but by the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. And we have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we may be justified by the faithfulness of Christ and not by the works of the law, because by the works of the law no one will be justified.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

“... If one understands the Pauline “works of the Law” in its Jewish use in Qumran, according to 4QMMT it refers to specific regulations of the Law in detail (more than 20 precepts). Rules and practices in 4QMMT define a boundary (between Jews and Jews), while for Paul “faith” is the central boundary (dividing humankind). Is “works of the Law” really “the Pauline term for ‘covenantal nomism’”? In 4QMMT the text gives many different rulings and practices by which those “who observe the Law” are “saved” (lcn) from the final judgment (cf. 1QpHab 8.1–2), because “it will be counted as righteousness” (a similar wording in Gal 3:6 and Rom 4:3, following Gen 15:6 LXX)68 “at the end of time” (4QMMT C 30–31 [= 4Q papMMTe (4Q398) frag. 14–17 2.6–7]).69 Paul argues against this decisive function of the Torah with its many rules and practices (but for the Qumran community see also the factor of divine grace, as described in C 7, below), turning down this function of the Torah by introducing “faith” in an un-Jewish way. ...”
Heinz-Wolfgang Kuhn, “The Impact of Selected Qumran Texts on the Understanding of Pauline Theology,” in The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Volume Three: The Scrolls and Christian Origins, ed. James H. Charlesworth (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2006), 175–176.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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4Q398 14–17 ii 3 and Galatians 2:16

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