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Galatians

About this book
Chapter 2

1 Then after fourteen years I went up to Jerusalem again with Barnabas, taking Titus along too. 2 I went there because of a revelation and presented to them the gospel that I preach among the Gentiles. But I did so only in a private meeting with the influential people, to make sure that I was not running—or had not run—in vain. 3 Yet not even Titus, who was with me, was compelled to be circumcised, although he was a Greek. 4 Now this matter arose because of the false brothers with false pretenses who slipped in unnoticed to spy on our freedom that we have in Christ Jesus, to make us slaves. 5 But we did not surrender to them even for a moment, in order that the truth of the gospel would remain with you. 6 But from those who were influential (whatever they were makes no difference to me; God shows no favoritism between people)—those influential leaders added nothing to my message. 7 On the contrary, when they saw that I was entrusted with the gospel to the uncircumcised just as Peter was entrusted with the gospel to the circumcised 8 (for he who empowered Peter for his apostleship to the circumcised also empowered me for my apostleship to the Gentiles) 9 and when James, Cephas, and John, who had a reputation as pillars, recognized the grace that had been given to me, they gave to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, agreeing that we would go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised. 10 They requested only that we remember the poor, the very thing I also was eager to do. 11 But when Cephas came to Antioch, I opposed him to his face, because he had clearly done wrong. 12 Until certain people came from James, he had been eating with the Gentiles. But when they arrived, he stopped doing this and separated himself because he was afraid of those who were pro-circumcision.⁠ 13 And the rest of the Jews also joined with him in this hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was led astray with them by their hypocrisy. 14 But when I saw that they were not behaving consistently with the truth of the gospel, I said to Cephas in front of them all, “If you, although you are a Jew, live like a Gentile and not like a Jew, how can you try to force the Gentiles to live like Jews?”⁠ 15 We are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners, 16 yet we know that no one is justified by the works of the law⁠ but by the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. And we have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we may be justified by the faithfulness of Christ and not by the works of the law, because by the works of the law no one will be justified.⁠ 17 But if while seeking to be justified in Christ we ourselves have also been found to be sinners, is Christ then one who encourages sin? Absolutely not! 18 But if I build up again those things I once destroyed, I demonstrate that I am one who breaks God’s law. 19 For through the law I died to the law so that I may live to God. 20 I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me. So the life I now live in the body, I live because of the faithfulness of the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me. 21 I do not set aside God’s grace, because if righteousness could come through the law, then Christ died for nothing!

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Esther 8:17 and Galatians 2:14

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

Esther 8 and Galatians 2 use the rare Greek verb meaning “to Judaize.” In Esther, the term refers to people pretending to be Jewish out of fear, while in Galatians it critiques the behavior of Gentiles trying to take on Jewish identity.

Passages

LXX Esther 8:17

Septuagint
15 And Mordecai went forth robed in the royal clothing, and wearing a golden crown, and a diadem of fine purple linen: and the people in Susa saw it and rejoiced. 16 And the Jews had light and gladness, 17 in every city and province wherever the ordinance was published: wherever the proclamation took place, the Jews had joy and gladness, feasting and mirth: and many of the Gentiles were circumcised, and lived as Jews, for fear of the Jews.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Esther

Galatians 2:14

New Testament
13 And the rest of the Jews also joined with him in this hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was led astray with them by their hypocrisy. 14 But when I saw that they were not behaving consistently with the truth of the gospel, I said to Cephas in front of them all, “If you, although you are a Jew, live like a Gentile and not like a Jew, how can you try to force the Gentiles to live like Jews?” 15 We are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners, 16 yet we know that no one is justified by the works of the law but by the faithfulness of Jesus Christ. And we have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we may be justified by the faithfulness of Christ and not by the works of the law, because by the works of the law no one will be justified.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

"... One of the words highlighted by the initial research was the verbal form ἰουδαΐζειν, ‘to judaize/to judaean-ize.’ In the New Testament, this is a hapax legomenon that occurs only in Galatians 2:14. In the LXX ἰουδαΐζειν is not only a hapax legomenon but is marked as a neologism meaning that LXX Esther 8:17 is the first known use of the verb ἰουδαΐζω in Greek literature and is thus suggested as the first coinage of the word. The use of this word makes Galatians an appropriate text to test the cluzographic methodology. Written by Paul, probably in the early 50s, the letter to the Galatians is one of Paul’s earliest extant letters. This is pertinent to the discussions around Galatians 2:14 as this concerns Paul’s early written reflections on gentile converts to Christianity ..."
D. M. Lees, “Intertextual Ripples of the Book of Esther: An Evaluation of Σταυρωθήτω and Ἰουδαΐζω in the New Testament” (PhD diss., Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2018), 297–298.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Esther 8:17 and Galatians 2:14

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