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Ezekiel

About this book
Chapter 5

1 “As for you, son of man, take a sharp sword and use it as a barber’s razor. Shave off some of the hair from your head and your beard. Then take scales and divide up the hair you cut off. 2 Burn a third of it in the fire inside the city when the days of your siege are completed. Take a third and slash it with a sword all around the city. Scatter a third to the wind, and I will unleash a sword behind them. 3 But take a few strands of hair from those and tie them in the ends of your garment. 4 Again, take more of them and throw them into the fire, and burn them up. From there a fire will spread to all the house of Israel. 5 “This is what the Sovereign Lord says: This is Jerusalem; I placed her in the center of the nations with countries all around her.⁠ 6 Then she defied my regulations and my statutes, becoming more wicked than the nations and the countries around her. Indeed, they have rejected my regulations, and they do not follow my statutes. 7 “Therefore this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Because you are more arrogant than the nations around you, you have not followed my statutes and have not carried out my regulations.⁠ You have not even carried out the regulations of the nations around you! 8 “Therefore this is what the Sovereign Lord says: I—even I—am against you, and I will execute judgment among you while the nations watch. 9 I will do to you what I have never done before and will never do again because of all your abominable practices. 10 Therefore, fathers will eat their sons within you, Jerusalem, and sons will eat their fathers.⁠ I will execute judgments on you, and I will scatter any survivors to the winds.⁠ 11 “Therefore, as surely as I live, says the Sovereign Lord, because you defiled my sanctuary with all your detestable idols and with all your abominable practices, I will withdraw; my eye will not pity you, nor will I spare you.⁠ 12 A third of your people will die of plague or be overcome by the famine within you. A third of your people will fall by the sword surrounding you, and a third I will scatter to the winds. I will unleash a sword behind them. 13 Then my anger will be fully vented; I will exhaust my rage on them, and I will be appeased. Then they will know that I, the Lord, have spoken in my jealousy when I have fully vented my rage against them. 14 “I will make you desolate and an object of scorn among the nations around you, in the sight of everyone who passes by. 15 You will be an object of scorn and taunting, a prime example of destruction among the nations around you when I execute judgments against you in anger and raging fury. I, the Lord, have spoken! 16 I will shoot against them deadly, destructive arrows of famine, which I will shoot to destroy you. I will prolong a famine on you and will remove the bread supply. 17 I will send famine and wild beasts against you, and they will take your children from you. Plague and bloodshed will overwhelm you, and I will bring a sword against you.⁠ I, the Lord, have spoken!”

Texts in conversation

Compare The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§46–47 and Ezekiel 5:10

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Ezekiel, God declares that fathers will eat their sons as punishment for covenant violations. This echoes ancient Near Eastern treaty curses, including the Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon, which similarly threaten oath-breakers with cannibalism.

Passages

The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§46–47

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (SAA 2 6)
437 May Belet-ili, the lady of creation, cut off birth from your land; may she deprive your nurses of the cries of little children in the streets and squares. 440 May Adad, the canal inspector of heaven and earth, cut off sea[sonal flooding] from your land and deprive your fields of [grain], may he [submerge] your land with a great flood; may the locust who diminishes the land devour your harvest; may the sound of mill or oven be lacking from your houses, may the grain for grinding disappear from you; instead of grain may your sons and your daughters grind your bones; may not (even) your (first) finger-joint dip in the dough, may the [...] of your bowls eat up the dough. May a mother [bar the door] to her daughter. In your hunger eat the flesh of your sons! In want and famine may one man eat the flesh of another; may one man clothe himself in another's skin; may dogs and swine eat your flesh; may your ghost have nobody to take care of the pouring of libations to him.
672 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon

Ezekiel 5:10

Hebrew Bible
7 “Therefore this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Because you are more arrogant than the nations around you, you have not followed my statutes and have not carried out my regulations. You have not even carried out the regulations of the nations around you! 8 “Therefore this is what the Sovereign Lord says: I—even I—am against you, and I will execute judgment among you while the nations watch. 9 I will do to you what I have never done before and will never do again because of all your abominable practices. 10 Therefore, fathers will eat their sons within you, Jerusalem, and sons will eat their fathers. I will execute judgments on you, and I will scatter any survivors to the winds. 11 “Therefore, as surely as I live, says the Sovereign Lord, because you defiled my sanctuary with all your detestable idols and with all your abominable practices, I will withdraw; my eye will not pity you, nor will I spare you. 12 A third of your people will die of plague or be overcome by the famine within you. A third of your people will fall by the sword surrounding you, and a third I will scatter to the winds. I will unleash a sword behind them.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

References

“... Having announced that Yahweh would visit his people with unprecedented hostility, the effects of his actions are described in the most horrifying terms: fratricidal cannibalism. While the motif of cannibalism figures prominently in ancient Near Eastern treaty curses, the present statement finds its inspiration in Yahweh's own covenant curse, an abbreviated form of which is preserved in Lev. 26:29: "You will eat the flesh of your sons; and the flesh of your daughters you will eat." [...] Other prophets spoke of parents eating their children as well (Isa. 9:18-20 [Eng. 19-21]; 49:26; Jer. 19:9; Zech. 11:9), but the horror of Ezekiel's description supersedes them all. [...] 37. Cf. the treaty between Ashurnirari V of Assyria and Mati'ilu of Arpad (ANET, p. 533): "May Adad, the canal inspector of heaven and earth, put an end to Mati'ilu, his land and the people of his land through hunger, want, and famine, so that they eat the flesh of their sons and daughters and it tastes as good to them as the flesh of spring lambs." See also the vassal treaties of Esarhaddon, §§440-52, 547-50, 570-72 (ANET, pp. 538-41). ...”
Daniel I. Block, The Book of Ezekiel: Chapters 1-24 (New International Commentary on the Old Testament) (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997), 204.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§46–47 and Ezekiel 5:10

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