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Ezekiel

About this book
Chapter 47

1 Then he brought me back to the entrance of the temple. I noticed that water was flowing from under the threshold of the temple toward the east⁠ (for the temple faced east). The water was flowing down from under the right side of the temple, from south of the altar.⁠ 2 He led me out by way of the north gate and brought me around the outside of the outer gate that faces toward the east; I noticed that the water was trickling out from the south side. 3 When the man went out toward the east with a measuring line in his hand, he measured 1,750 feet, and then he led me through water, which was ankle deep. 4 Again he measured 1,750 feet and led me through the water, which was now knee deep. Once more he measured 1,750 feet and led me through the water, which was waist deep. 5 Again he measured 1,750 feet, and it was a river I could not cross, for the water had risen; it was deep enough to swim in, a river that could not be crossed. 6 He said to me, “Son of man, have you seen this?” Then he led me back to the bank of the river. 7 When I had returned, I noticed a vast number of trees on the banks of the river, on both sides.⁠ 8 He said to me, “These waters go out toward the eastern region and flow down into the rift valley; when they enter the Dead Sea, where the sea is stagnant, the waters become fresh. 9 Every living creature that swarms where the river flows will live; there will be many fish, for these waters flow there. It will become fresh, and everything will live where the river flows.⁠ 10 Fishermen will stand beside it; from En Gedi to En Eglaim they will spread nets. They will catch many kinds of fish, like the fish of the Great Sea. 11 But its swamps and its marshes will not become fresh; they will remain salty. 12 On both sides of the river’s banks, every kind of tree will grow for food. Their leaves will not wither nor will their fruit fail, but they will bear fruit every month because their water source flows from the sanctuary.⁠ Their fruit will be for food and their leaves for healing.” 13 This is what the Sovereign Lord says: “Here are the borders you will observe as you allot the land to the 12 tribes of Israel. (Joseph will have two portions.) 14 You must divide it equally just as I vowed to give it to your forefathers; this land will be assigned as your inheritance. 15 “This will be the border of the land: On the north side, from the Great Sea by way of Hethlon to the entrance of Zedad;⁠ 16 Hamath, Berothah, Sibraim, which is between the border of Damascus and the border of Hamath, as far as Hazer Hattikon, which is on the border of Hauran. 17 The border will run from the sea to Hazar Enan, at the border of Damascus, and on the north is the border of Hamath. This is the north side. 18 On the east side, between Hauran and Damascus, and between Gilead and the land of Israel, will be the Jordan. You will measure from the border to the eastern sea. This is the east side. 19 On the south side it will run from Tamar to the waters of Meribah Kadesh, the river, to the Great Sea. This is the south side. 20 On the west side the Great Sea will be the boundary to a point opposite Lebo Hamath. This is the west side. 21 “This is how you will divide this land for yourselves among the tribes of Israel. 22 You must allot it as an inheritance among yourselves and for the resident foreigners who live among you, who have fathered sons among you. You must treat them as native-born among the people of Israel; they will be allotted an inheritance with you among the tribes of Israel.⁠ 23 In whatever tribe the resident foreigner lives, there you will give him his inheritance,” declares the Sovereign Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 19:34 and Ezekiel 47:22

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Leviticus calls for resident foreigners to be treated as native citizens, grounding this in Israel’s memory of being outsiders and slaves in Egypt. Ezekiel echoes this by describing foreigners sharing the same inheritance rights as the tribes of Israel.

Passages

Leviticus 19:34

Hebrew Bible
32 You must stand up in the presence of the aged, honor the presence of an elder, and fear your God. I am the Lord. 33 When a resident foreigner lives with you in your land, you must not oppress him. 34 The resident foreigner who lives with you must be to you as a native citizen among you; so you must love the foreigner as yourself, because you were foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am the Lord your God. 35 You must not do injustice in the regulation of measures, whether of length, weight, or volume. 36 You must have honest balances, honest weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin. I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Ezekiel 47:22

Hebrew Bible
20 On the west side the Great Sea will be the boundary to a point opposite Lebo Hamath. This is the west side. 21 “This is how you will divide this land for yourselves among the tribes of Israel. 22 You must allot it as an inheritance among yourselves and for the resident foreigners who live among you, who have fathered sons among you. You must treat them as native-born among the people of Israel; they will be allotted an inheritance with you among the tribes of Israel. 23 In whatever tribe the resident foreigner lives, there you will give him his inheritance,” declares the Sovereign Lord.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

References

"... Like Deuteronomistic texts, the Holiness tradition does not portray all foreigners negatively, nor does it treat all foreigners the same. Holiness texts tend to treat the “resident alien” fairly positively; in many cases, Holiness texts assert that resident aliens should be treated the “same” as native Israelites. Leviticus 19:34 expresses, in a nutshell, how the Holiness tradition views the resident alien ... A relationship to geographic space seems to be conveyed in the opposition between “native” and “resident alien” as well. The term “native” appears in construct with “the land” to produce the expression “native of the land” (Exodus 12:19, 48; Numbers 9:14). The irony of this expression is due to the tradition’s recognition that Israel is not indigenous to the land, but has supplanted nations who lived there illegitimately. As noted earlier, an ethnic group’s purported territorial origins need not be based on actual history, but is a matter of identification. Other terms used with “native” are “natives among the Israelites [literally: ‘the sons of Israel’]” (Numbers 15:29; Ezekiel 47:22) and “natives among Israel” (Leviticus 23:42). The use of the word (“son”), a term that implies familial links between Israelites, connects the idea of “nativeness” in the Holiness tradition to ancestry ..."
Brian Rainey, Religion, Ethnicity and Xenophobia in the Bible: A Theoretical, Exegetical and Theological Survey (Abingdon: Routledge, 2019), 117–119.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 19:34 and Ezekiel 47:22

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