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Ezekiel

About this book
Chapter 44

1 Then he brought me back by way of the outer gate of the sanctuary that faces east, but it was shut. 2 The Lord said to me: “This gate will be shut; it will not be opened, and no one will enter by it. For the Lord, the God of Israel, has entered by it; therefore it will remain shut. 3 Only the prince may sit in it to eat a sacrificial meal before the Lord; he will enter by way of the porch of the gate and will go out by the same way.” 4 Then he brought me by way of the north gate to the front of the temple. As I watched, I noticed the glory of the Lord filling the Lord’s temple, and I threw myself face down. 5 The Lord said to me: “Son of man, pay attention, watch closely, and listen carefully to everything I tell you concerning all the statutes of the Lord’s house and all its laws. Pay attention to the entrances to the temple with all the exits of the sanctuary. 6 Say to the rebellious, to the house of Israel, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Enough of all your abominable practices, O house of Israel! 7 When you bring foreigners, those uncircumcised in heart and in flesh, into my sanctuary, you desecrate it—even my house—when you offer my food, the fat and the blood.⁠ You have broken my covenant by all your abominable practices. 8 You have not kept charge of my holy things, but you have assigned foreigners to keep charge of my sanctuary for you. 9 This is what the Sovereign Lord says: No foreigner who is uncircumcised in heart and flesh among all the foreigners who are among the people of Israel will enter into my sanctuary. 10 “‘But the Levites who went far from me, straying off from me after their idols when Israel went astray, will be responsible for their sin. 11 Yet they will be ministers in my sanctuary, having oversight at the gates of the temple, and serving the temple. They will slaughter the burnt offerings and the sacrifices for the people, and they will stand before them to minister to them. 12 Because they used to minister to them before their idols and became a sinful obstacle to the house of Israel, consequently I have made a vow concerning them, declares the Sovereign Lord, that they will be responsible for their sin. 13 They will not come near me to serve me as priest,⁠ nor will they come near any of my holy things, the things that are most sacred. They will bear the shame of the abominable deeds they have committed. 14 Yet I will appoint them to keep charge of the temple, all its service, and all that will be done in it. 15 “‘But the Levitical priests, the descendants of Zadok⁠ who kept the charge of my sanctuary when the people of Israel went astray from me, will approach me to minister to me; they will stand before me to offer me the fat and the blood, declares the Sovereign Lord. 16 They will enter my sanctuary and approach my table to minister to me; they will keep my charge. 17 “‘When they enter the gates of the inner court, they must wear linen garments; they must not have any wool on them when they minister in the inner gates of the court and in the temple. 18 Linen turbans will be on their heads and linen undergarments will be around their waists; they must not bind themselves with anything that causes sweat.⁠ 19 When they go out to the outer court to the people, they must remove the garments they were ministering in and place them in the holy chambers; they must put on other garments so that they will not transmit holiness to the people with their garments. 20 “‘They must not shave their heads nor let their hair grow long; they must only trim their heads.⁠ 21 No priest may drink wine when he enters the inner court.⁠ 22 They must not marry a widow or a divorcee, but they may marry a virgin from the house of Israel or a widow who is a priest’s widow. 23 Moreover, they will teach my people the difference between the holy and the common and show them how to distinguish between the ceremonially unclean and the clean. 24 “‘In a controversy they will act as judges; they will judge according to my ordinances. They will keep my laws and my statutes regarding all my appointed festivals and will observe my Sabbaths. 25 “‘They must not come near a dead person or they will be defiled; however, for father, mother, son, daughter, brother, or unmarried sister, they may defile themselves. 26 After a priest has become ceremonially clean, they must count off a period of seven days for him. 27 On the day he enters the sanctuary into the inner court to serve in the sanctuary, he must offer his sin offering, declares the Sovereign Lord. 28 “‘This will be their inheritance: I am their inheritance, and you must give them no property in Israel; I am their property. 29 They may eat the grain offering, the sin offering, and the guilt offering, and every devoted thing in Israel will be theirs. 30 The first of all the firstfruits and all contributions of any kind will be for the priests;⁠ you will also give to the priest the first portion of your dough, so that a blessing may rest on your house. 31 The priests will not eat any bird or animal that has died a natural death or was torn to pieces by a wild animal.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 28:2 and Ezekiel 44:7

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Numbers 28 and Ezekiel 44, God speaks of my food for offerings, language found nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible. Both sources follow an ancient Near Eastern tradition that offerings were divine food.

Passages

Numbers 28:2

Hebrew Bible
1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 2 “Command the Israelites: ‘With regard to my offering, be sure to offer my food for my offering made by fire, as a pleasing aroma to me at its appointed time.’ 3 You will say to them, ‘This is the offering made by fire that you must offer to the Lord: two unblemished lambs one year old each day for a continual burnt offering. 4 The first lamb you must offer in the morning, and the second lamb you must offer in the late afternoon,
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Ezekiel 44:7

Hebrew Bible
6 Say to the rebellious, to the house of Israel, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Enough of all your abominable practices, O house of Israel! 7 When you bring foreigners, those uncircumcised in heart and in flesh, into my sanctuary, you desecrate it—even my house—when you offer my food, the fat and the blood. You have broken my covenant by all your abominable practices. 8 You have not kept charge of my holy things, but you have assigned foreigners to keep charge of my sanctuary for you. 9 This is what the Sovereign Lord says: No foreigner who is uncircumcised in heart and flesh among all the foreigners who are among the people of Israel will enter into my sanctuary.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

References

"... H continues the P tradition as opposed to avoiding the earlier formulations. H does differ from P in a) its use of לחם with a first common singular pronominal suffix referring to YHWH, “my food” (Numbers 28:2); b) its use of the phrase אלהים לחם “food of your god” (Leviticus 21:6, 8, 17, 21, 22; 22:25); c) and the description of the priestly prebend as “food” for the priests and their families (Leviticus 22:7, 11, 13). Knohl argues that the absence of usages (a) and (b) in P reflect P’s desire to avoid identifying the sacrifices as food for the deity. His claim cannot be sustained. First, his argument that P consciously avoids “my food” to describe YHWH’s sacrifices is misleading. It is true that this form never appears in P, but it appears only once in H. (Numbers 28:2. Also, used once in Ezekiel 44:7. These are in fact the only two instances of this formulation in the entire Hebrew Bible with YHWH as the possessor) That is hardly convincing proof that either H embraced this formulation or that P rejects it. Second, as I will argue below, the instances of לחם in construct with a form of אלהים are found in H in only Leviticus 21-22. This suggests that this formulation reflects a specific contextual purpose and not a broad agenda promoting divine anthropomorphism ... Knohl’s argument confuses difference for polemic. While P’s language may be indirect it never eschews the idea that sacrifices are a type of food for the deity ..."
Anne Katherine Knafl, “Forms of God, Forming God: A Typology of Divine Anthropomorphism in the Pentateuch” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2011), 116.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 28:2 and Ezekiel 44:7

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