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Ezekiel

About this book
Chapter 4

1 “And you, son of man, take a brick and set it in front of you. Inscribe a city on it—Jerusalem. 2 Lay siege to it! Build siege works against it. Erect a siege ramp against it! Post soldiers outside it and station battering rams around it. 3 Then for your part take an iron frying pan and set it up as an iron wall between you and the city. Set your face toward it. It is to be under siege; you are to besiege it. This is a sign for the house of Israel. 4 “Also for your part lie on your left side and place the iniquity of the house of Israel on it. For the number of days you lie on your side you will bear their iniquity. 5 I have determined that the number of the years of their iniquity are to be the number of days for you—390 days. So bear the iniquity of the house of Israel. 6 “When you have completed these days, then lie down a second time, but on your right side, and bear the iniquity of the house of Judah 40 days—I have assigned one day for each year. 7 You must turn your face toward the siege of Jerusalem with your arm bared and prophesy against it. 8 Look here: I will tie you up with ropes, so you cannot turn from one side to the other until you complete the days of your siege. 9 “As for you, take wheat, barley, beans, lentils, millet, and spelt, put them in a single container, and make food from them for yourself. For the same number of days that you lie on your side—390 days—you will eat it. 10 The food you eat will be eight ounces a day by weight; you must eat it at fixed times. 11 And you must drink water by measure, a pint and a half; you must drink it at fixed times. 12 And you must eat the food as you would a barley cake. You must bake it in front of them over a fire made with dried human excrement.” 13 And the Lord said, “This is how the people of Israel will eat their unclean food among the nations where I will banish them.”⁠ 14 And I said, “Ah, Sovereign Lord, I have never been ceremonially defiled before. I have never eaten a carcass or an animal torn by wild beasts; from my youth up, unclean meat has never entered my mouth.”⁠ 15 So he said to me, “All right then, I will substitute cow’s manure instead of human excrement. You will cook your food over it.” 16 Then he said to me, “Son of man, I am about to remove the bread supply in Jerusalem. They will eat their bread ration anxiously, and they will drink their water ration in terror 17 because they will lack bread and water. Each one will be terrified, and they will rot for their iniquity.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 11:39 and Ezekiel 4:14

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Leviticus describes how anyone touching or eating an animal that dies naturally becomes impure until evening. Ezekiel echoes this, protesting he never ate a carcass or torn meat, placing himself under these stricter priestly requirements.

Passages

Leviticus 11:39

Hebrew Bible
37 Now, if such a carcass falls on any sowing seed which is to be sown, it is clean, 38 but if water is put on the seed and such a carcass falls on it, it is unclean to you. 39 “‘Now if an animal that you may eat dies, whoever touches its carcass will be unclean until the evening. 40 One who eats from its carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening, and whoever carries its carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening. 41 Every swarming thing that swarms on the land is detestable; it must not be eaten.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Ezekiel 4:14

Hebrew Bible
12 And you must eat the food as you would a barley cake. You must bake it in front of them over a fire made with dried human excrement.” 13 And the Lord said, “This is how the people of Israel will eat their unclean food among the nations where I will banish them.” 14 And I said, “Ah, Sovereign Lord, I have never been ceremonially defiled before. I have never eaten a carcass or an animal torn by wild beasts; from my youth up, unclean meat has never entered my mouth.” 15 So he said to me, “All right then, I will substitute cow’s manure instead of human excrement. You will cook your food over it.” 16 Then he said to me, “Son of man, I am about to remove the bread supply in Jerusalem. They will eat their bread ration anxiously, and they will drink their water ration in terror
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

References

"... A final biblical food regulation relates to those animals that die by non-human agency, either by means of a natural death (carrion) or by attack from an animal of prey (literally “torn”). In some ways this is a preparation-based rule, though it would more accurately be described as a “no-preparation-based rule,” since it involves no human preparation. The animal in question dies at the hands of nature, not at the hands of a human. Biblical texts are contradictory concerning the application of this legislation, as some limit the regulation to priests and others expand it to all of Israel. (Texts that limit it to priests: Leviticus 22:8; Ezekiel 4:14; 44:31. Texts that refer to all Israel: Exodus 22:30; Leviticus 11:39–40; 17:15–16; Deuteronomy 14:21) This contradiction extends to the penalty. For the layperson, the only result of eating carrion or torn meat is impurity (i.e. a change in ritual status); there is no penalty, unless one does not cleanse oneself properly after a meal of carrion/torn meat. For a priest, however, the punishment is “death by divine agency.” ..."
Jordan Rosenblum, The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 25–26.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 11:39 and Ezekiel 4:14

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