Go to Related Reading
About this book

Ezekiel

About this book
Chapter 37

1 The hand of the Lord was on me, and he brought me out by the Spirit of the Lord and placed me in the midst of the valley, and it was full of bones.⁠ 2 He made me walk all around among them. I realized there were a great many bones in the valley, and they were very dry. 3 He said to me, “Son of man, can these bones live?”⁠ I said to him, “Sovereign Lord, you know.” 4 Then he said to me, “Prophesy over these bones, and tell them: ‘Dry bones, listen to the Lord’s message.⁠ 5 This is what the Sovereign Lord says to these bones: Look, I am about to infuse breath into you and you will live.⁠ 6 I will put tendons on you and muscles over you and will cover you with skin; I will put breath in you, and you will live. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’” 7 So I prophesied as I was commanded. There was a sound when I prophesied— I heard a rattling, and the bones came together, bone to bone.⁠ 8 As I watched, I saw tendons on them, then muscles appeared, and skin covered over them from above, but there was no breath in them. 9 He said to me, “Prophesy to the breath—prophesy, son of man—and say to the breath: ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe on these corpses so that they may live.’” 10 So I prophesied as I was commanded, and the breath came into them; they lived and stood on their feet, an extremely great army. 11 Then he said to me, “Son of man, these bones are all the house of Israel. Look, they are saying, ‘Our bones are dry, our hope has perished; we are cut off.’ 12 Therefore prophesy, and tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to open your graves and will raise you from your graves, my people. I will bring you to the land of Israel.⁠ 13 Then you will know that I am the Lord, when I open your graves and raise you from your graves, my people.⁠ 14 I will place my breath in you and you will live; I will give you rest in your own land. Then you will know that I am the Lord—I have spoken and I will act, declares the Lord.’” 15 The Lord’s message came to me: 16 “As for you, son of man, take one branch and write on it, ‘For Judah and for the Israelites associated with him.’ Then take another branch and write on it, ‘For Joseph, the branch of Ephraim, and all the house of Israel associated with him.’ 17 Join them as one stick; they will be as one in your hand.⁠ 18 When your people say to you, ‘Will you not tell us what these things mean?’ 19 tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to take the branch of Joseph that is in the hand of Ephraim and the tribes of Israel associated with him, and I will place them on the stick of Judah and make them into one stick—they will be one in my hand.’ 20 The sticks you write on will be in your hand in front of them. 21 Then tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to take the Israelites from among the nations where they have gone. I will gather them from round about and bring them to their land. 22 I will make them one nation in the land, on the mountains of Israel, and one king will rule over them all. They will never again be two nations and never again be divided into two kingdoms. 23 They will not defile themselves with their idols, their detestable things, and all their rebellious deeds. I will save them from all their unfaithfulness by which they sinned. I will purify them; they will become my people, and I will become their God. 24 “‘My servant David will be king over them; there will be one shepherd for all of them. They will follow my regulations and carefully observe my statutes. 25 They will live in the land I gave to my servant Jacob, in which your fathers lived; they will live in it—they and their children and their grandchildren forever. David my servant will be prince over them forever. 26 I will make a covenant of peace with them; it will be a perpetual covenant with them. I will establish them, increase their numbers, and place my sanctuary among them forever. 27 My dwelling place will be with them; I will be their God, and they will be my people.⁠ 28 Then, when my sanctuary is among them forever, the nations will know that I, the Lord, sanctify Israel.’”

Texts in conversation

Compare The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§96–97 and Ezekiel 37:7

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

In the Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon, oath-breakers are cursed so that they are dishonored after death, their bones never coming together. In Ezekiel, the dry bones come together, bone to bone, in a vision that may be a reversal of a similar curse.

Passages

The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§96–97

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (SAA 2 6)
632 If you should forsake Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, Assurbanipal, the great crown prince designate, (his brothers, [sons by the same mother] as Assurbanipal, the great crown prince designate, and the other sons, the offspring of [Esa]rhaddon, king of Assyria), going to the south or to the north, may iron swords consume him who goes to the south and may iron swords likewise consume him who goes to the north; 636A may they [slaughter] you, your women, your brothers, your sons, and your daughters like a spring lamb and a kid. 637 (Ditto;) just as the noise of (these) doves is persistent, so may you, your women, your sons and your daughters have no rest or sleep and may your bones never come together.
672 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon

Ezekiel 37:7

Hebrew Bible
1 The hand of the Lord was on me, and he brought me out by the Spirit of the Lord and placed me in the midst of the valley, and it was full of bones. 2 He made me walk all around among them. I realized there were a great many bones in the valley, and they were very dry. 3 He said to me, “Son of man, can these bones live?” I said to him, “Sovereign Lord, you know.” 4 Then he said to me, “Prophesy over these bones, and tell them: ‘Dry bones, listen to the Lord’s message. 5 This is what the Sovereign Lord says to these bones: Look, I am about to infuse breath into you and you will live. 6 I will put tendons on you and muscles over you and will cover you with skin; I will put breath in you, and you will live. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’” 7 So I prophesied as I was commanded. There was a sound when I prophesied— I heard a rattling, and the bones came together, bone to bone. 8 As I watched, I saw tendons on them, then muscles appeared, and skin covered over them from above, but there was no breath in them. 9 He said to me, “Prophesy to the breath—prophesy, son of man—and say to the breath: ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe on these corpses so that they may live.’” 10 So I prophesied as I was commanded, and the breath came into them; they lived and stood on their feet, an extremely great army.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

References

“... Having already been persuaded by Fensham's argument, I became all the more convinced of his approach after noticing this curse in EST (where it occurs just two columns away from the curse he twice quoted from the treaty): (Ditto;) just as the noise of (these) doves is persistent, so may you, your women, your sons and your daughters have no rest or sleep and may your bones never come together. [...] A closer look at the passage reveals intriguing parallelism between the last line and Ezekiel 37:7b, which reads: There was a noise as I prophesied, a rattling sound, and the bones came together, one bone to another bone. [...] These remarkable similarities reinforce Fensham's basic argument that Ezekiel's vision of the dry bones should be read as a reversal of the widely attested treaty curse, which deprived treaty-violators of a proper burial and instead left their corpses exposed to sun and wild animals. ...”
Andrew R. Davis, “A Near Eastern Treaty Parallel to Ezekiel’s Dry Bones,” VT 68 (2018): 340–41.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§96–97 and Ezekiel 37:7

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library