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Ezekiel

About this book
Chapter 37

1 The hand of the Lord was on me, and he brought me out by the Spirit of the Lord and placed me in the midst of the valley, and it was full of bones.⁠ 2 He made me walk all around among them. I realized there were a great many bones in the valley, and they were very dry. 3 He said to me, “Son of man, can these bones live?”⁠ I said to him, “Sovereign Lord, you know.” 4 Then he said to me, “Prophesy over these bones, and tell them: ‘Dry bones, listen to the Lord’s message.⁠ 5 This is what the Sovereign Lord says to these bones: Look, I am about to infuse breath into you and you will live.⁠ 6 I will put tendons on you and muscles over you and will cover you with skin; I will put breath in you, and you will live. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’” 7 So I prophesied as I was commanded. There was a sound when I prophesied— I heard a rattling, and the bones came together, bone to bone.⁠ 8 As I watched, I saw tendons on them, then muscles appeared, and skin covered over them from above, but there was no breath in them. 9 He said to me, “Prophesy to the breath—prophesy, son of man—and say to the breath: ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe on these corpses so that they may live.’” 10 So I prophesied as I was commanded, and the breath came into them; they lived and stood on their feet, an extremely great army. 11 Then he said to me, “Son of man, these bones are all the house of Israel. Look, they are saying, ‘Our bones are dry, our hope has perished; we are cut off.’ 12 Therefore prophesy, and tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to open your graves and will raise you from your graves, my people. I will bring you to the land of Israel.⁠ 13 Then you will know that I am the Lord, when I open your graves and raise you from your graves, my people.⁠ 14 I will place my breath in you and you will live; I will give you rest in your own land. Then you will know that I am the Lord—I have spoken and I will act, declares the Lord.’” 15 The Lord’s message came to me: 16 “As for you, son of man, take one branch and write on it, ‘For Judah and for the Israelites associated with him.’ Then take another branch and write on it, ‘For Joseph, the branch of Ephraim, and all the house of Israel associated with him.’ 17 Join them as one stick; they will be as one in your hand.⁠ 18 When your people say to you, ‘Will you not tell us what these things mean?’ 19 tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to take the branch of Joseph that is in the hand of Ephraim and the tribes of Israel associated with him, and I will place them on the stick of Judah and make them into one stick—they will be one in my hand.’ 20 The sticks you write on will be in your hand in front of them. 21 Then tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to take the Israelites from among the nations where they have gone. I will gather them from round about and bring them to their land. 22 I will make them one nation in the land, on the mountains of Israel, and one king will rule over them all. They will never again be two nations and never again be divided into two kingdoms. 23 They will not defile themselves with their idols, their detestable things, and all their rebellious deeds. I will save them from all their unfaithfulness by which they sinned. I will purify them; they will become my people, and I will become their God. 24 “‘My servant David will be king over them; there will be one shepherd for all of them. They will follow my regulations and carefully observe my statutes. 25 They will live in the land I gave to my servant Jacob, in which your fathers lived; they will live in it—they and their children and their grandchildren forever. David my servant will be prince over them forever. 26 I will make a covenant of peace with them; it will be a perpetual covenant with them. I will establish them, increase their numbers, and place my sanctuary among them forever. 27 My dwelling place will be with them; I will be their God, and they will be my people.⁠ 28 Then, when my sanctuary is among them forever, the nations will know that I, the Lord, sanctify Israel.’”

Texts in conversation

Compare Ezekiel 37:13 and John 5:27

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

In John, Jesus' description of resurrection adapts Ezekiel’s vision of Israel’s restoration from exile. The raising of dry bones depicts the nation’s renewal and return after covenant death, which John reshapes to describe the final resurrection.

Passages

Ezekiel 37:13

Hebrew Bible
11 Then he said to me, “Son of man, these bones are all the house of Israel. Look, they are saying, ‘Our bones are dry, our hope has perished; we are cut off.’ 12 Therefore prophesy, and tell them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Look, I am about to open your graves and will raise you from your graves, my people. I will bring you to the land of Israel. 13 Then you will know that I am the Lord, when I open your graves and raise you from your graves, my people. 14 I will place my breath in you and you will live; I will give you rest in your own land. Then you will know that I am the Lord—I have spoken and I will act, declares the Lord.’” 15 The Lord’s message came to me:
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

John 5:27

New Testament
25 For just as the Father has life in himself, thus he has granted the Son to have life in himself, 26 and he has granted the Son authority to execute judgment because he is the Son of Man. 27 “Do not be amazed at this, because a time is coming when all who are in the tombs will hear his voice 28 and will come out—the ones who have done what is good to the resurrection resulting in life, and the ones who have done what is evil to the resurrection resulting in condemnation. 29 I can do nothing on my own initiative. Just as I hear, I judge, and my judgment is just because I do not seek my own will, but the will of the one who sent me.
90–110 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in John

References

"... John’s understanding of Ezekiel 37 is suggested by the way in which he modifies the image of the dry bones. As many have pointed out, John 5:21, 25-26 describes the giving of life in the present, and John 5:27-29 describes the final resurrection. John 5:25 describes the new life as already beginning (“the hour is coming and now is”); thus “the dead” are the spiritually dead, and those who live are those who listen to the Son of God. John 5:28 describes the final resurrection (“the hour is coming”), in which both righteous and wicked are called from their tombs for judgment. This pairing of new life and final resurrection reveals John’s understanding of Ezekiel 37. The image of revivification (Ezekiel 37:1-10) symbolizes several related ideas: purification, the restoration of Israel’s hope, return to the land, and the giving of God’s Spirit (Ezekiel 37:11-14). John uses language drawn from Ezekiel 37 to discuss both the immediate gift of new life to believers (which elsewhere in John includes hope and the giving of the Spirit), and the future resurrection, suggesting that he was using Ezekiel’s visionary metaphor (Ezekiel 37:1-10) as well as its interpretation (Ezekiel 37:11-14) ..."
Gary T. Manning Jr., “Shepherd, Vine, and Bones: The Use of Ezekiel in the Gospel of John,” in After Ezekiel: Essays on the Reception of a Difficult Prophet, ed. P. Joyce and A. Mein, LHBOTS (London: T&T Clark, 2010), 1–31.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Ezekiel 37:13 and John 5:27

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