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Ezekiel

About this book
Chapter 14

1 Then some men from Israel’s elders came to me and sat down in front of me. 2 The Lord’s message came to me: 3 “Son of man, these men have erected their idols in their hearts and placed the obstacle leading to their iniquity right before their faces. Should I really allow them to seek me? 4 Therefore speak to them and say to them, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: When anyone from the house of Israel erects his idols in his heart and sets the obstacle leading to his iniquity before his face, and then consults a prophet, I, the Lord, am determined to answer him personally according to the enormity of his idolatry. 5 I will do this in order to capture the hearts of the house of Israel, who have alienated themselves from me on account of all their idols.’ 6 “Therefore say to the house of Israel, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Return! Turn from your idols, and turn your faces away from your abominations. 7 For when anyone from the house of Israel, or the resident foreigner who lives in Israel, separates himself from me and erects his idols in his heart and sets the obstacle leading to his iniquity before his face, and then consults a prophet to seek something from me, I, the Lord, am determined to answer him personally. 8 I will set my face against that person and will make him an object lesson and a byword and will cut him off from among my people. Then you will know that I am the Lord. 9 “‘As for the prophet, if he is made a fool by being deceived into speaking a prophetic word—I, the Lord, have made a fool of that prophet, and I will stretch out my hand against him and destroy him from among my people Israel. 10 They will bear their punishment; the punishment of the one who sought an oracle will be the same as the punishment of the prophet who gave it 11 so that the house of Israel will no longer go astray from me, nor continue to defile themselves by all their sins. They will be my people, and I will be their God, declares the Sovereign Lord.’” 12 The Lord’s message came to me: 13 “Son of man, suppose a country sins against me by being unfaithful and I stretch out my hand against it, cut off its bread supply,⁠ cause famine to come on it, and kill both people and animals. 14 Even if these three men, Noah, Daniel, and Job, were in it, they would save only their own lives by their righteousness, declares the Sovereign Lord.⁠ 15 “Suppose I were to send wild animals through the land and kill its children, leaving it desolate, without travelers due to the wild animals. 16 Even if these three men were in it, as surely as I live, declares the Sovereign Lord, they could not save their own sons or daughters; they would save only their own lives, and the land would become desolate. 17 “Or suppose I were to bring a sword against that land and say, ‘Let a sword pass through the land,’ and I were to kill both people and animals. 18 Even if these three men were in it, as surely as I live, declares the Sovereign Lord, they could not save their own sons or daughters—they would save only their own lives. 19 “Or suppose I were to send a plague into that land and pour out my rage on it with bloodshed, killing both people and animals. 20 Even if Noah, Daniel, and Job were in it, as surely as I live, declares the Sovereign Lord, they could not save their own son or daughter; they would save only their own lives by their righteousness. 21 “For this is what the Sovereign Lord says: How much worse will it be when I send my four terrible judgments—sword, famine, wild animals, and plague—to⁠ Jerusalem to kill both people and animals! 22 Yet some survivors will be left in it, sons and daughters who will be brought out. They will come out to you, and when you see their behavior and their deeds, you will be consoled about the catastrophe I have brought on Jerusalem—for everything I brought on it. 23 They will console you when you see their behavior and their deeds, because you will know that it was not without reason that I have done everything that I have done in it, declares the Sovereign Lord.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Epic of Gilgamesh XI 188 and Ezekiel 14:21

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Ezekiel 14 lists four punishments, sword, famine, wild animals, and plague. A plea in the Epic of Gilgamesh uses similar language when the god Baal is asked to use the same kinds of punishments instead of bringing another flood.

Passages

Epic of Gilgamesh XI 188

Ancient Near East, Babylonian
178 saying to the hero Enlil: 179 “Who, if not Ea, can accomplish (such) things? 180 For Ea alone knows (how to do) all tasks,” 181 Ea opened his mouth to speak, 182 saying to the hero Enlil: 183 “You, the sage of the gods, the hero, 184 how could you lack counsel and cause the deluge? 185 On him who commits a sin, inflict his crime! 186 on him who does wrong, inflict [his] wrong-doing! 187 Slack off, lest it be snapped! Pull taut, lest it become [slack!] 188 Instead of the Deluge you caused, 189 a lion could arise to diminish the people! 190 Instead of the Deluge you caused, 191 a wolf could arise to diminish the people! 192 Instead of the Deluge you caused, 193 a famine could happen to slaughter the land! 194 Instead of the Deluge you caused, 195 Erra could arise to slaughter the land! 196 I did not myself disclose the great gods’ secret; 197 I let Atra-ḫasīs see a dream and so he heard the gods’ secret. 198 And now, consider what is to be done with him.”
2100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Epic of Gilgamesh

Ezekiel 14:21

Hebrew Bible
21 “For this is what the Sovereign Lord says: How much worse will it be when I send my four terrible judgments—sword, famine, wild animals, and plague—to Jerusalem to kill both people and animals! 22 Yet some survivors will be left in it, sons and daughters who will be brought out. They will come out to you, and when you see their behavior and their deeds, you will be consoled about the catastrophe I have brought on Jerusalem—for everything I brought on it. 23 They will console you when you see their behavior and their deeds, because you will know that it was not without reason that I have done everything that I have done in it, declares the Sovereign Lord.”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

References

"... With respect to the range of the comparisons that have been made between Ezekiel and Mesopotamian literature, the focus is generally not on the whole book, only select texts or blocks of material in Ezekiel ... In most cases, this is in no small measure due to the understanding that Ezekiel underwent intense redactional activity, a view espoused especially by Zimmerli and others before him. Although this diachronic approach is helpful, it can deter from a fruitful analysis of the literary whole. Furthermore, the literary repertoire from the ancient Near East that has been compared with portions of Ezekiel covers a wide array of genres. At least nine different genres have been used. Some of these include historiographic poems, dream reports, victory songs, and poetic laments. These genres, likewise, span the centuries. They reach back as early as Sumerian civilization, include Canaanite mythology, and extend down to the sixth century B.C. (A few samples will suffice to illustrate. Ezekiel 14 has been compared with Tablet XI of Gilgamesh, Ezekiel 23:20 with a Sumerian proverb, and Ezekiel 9 with the Poem of Erra) ..."
Donna Lee Petter, The Book of Ezekiel and Mesopotamian City Laments (Fribourg: Academic Press Fribourg, 2011), 3.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Epic of Gilgamesh XI 188 and Ezekiel 14:21

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