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Exodus

About this book
Chapter 5

1 Afterward Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, has said, ‘Release my people⁠ so that they may hold a pilgrim feast to me in the wilderness.’”⁠ 2 But Pharaoh said, “Who is the Lord that I should obey him by releasing Israel? I do not know the Lord,⁠ and I will not release Israel!” 3 And they said, “The God of the Hebrews has met with us.⁠ Let us go a three-day journey into the wilderness so that we may sacrifice to the Lord our God, so that he does not strike us with plague or the sword.” 4 The king of Egypt said to them, “Moses and Aaron, why do you cause the people to refrain from their work? Return to your labor!” 5 Pharaoh was thinking, “The people of the land are now many,⁠ and you are giving them rest from their labor.” 6 That same day Pharaoh commanded the slave masters and foremen who were over the people: 7 “You must no longer give straw to the people for making bricks as before.⁠ Let them go and collect straw for themselves. 8 But you must require of them the same quota of bricks that they were making before. Do not reduce it, for they are slackers. That is why they are crying, ‘Let us go sacrifice to our God.’ 9 Make the work harder for the men⁠ so they will keep at it and pay no attention to lying words!”⁠ 10 So the slave masters of the people and their foremen went to the Israelites and said, “Thus says Pharaoh: ‘I am not giving you straw. 11 You go get straw for yourselves wherever you can find it, because there will be no reduction at all in your workload.’” 12 So the people spread out through all the land of Egypt⁠ to collect stubble for straw. 13 The slave masters were pressuring them, saying, “Complete your work for each day, just like when there was straw!” 14 The Israelite foremen whom Pharaoh’s slave masters had set over them were beaten and were asked, “Why did you not complete your requirement for brickmaking as in the past—both yesterday and today?” 15 The Israelite foremen went and cried out to Pharaoh, “Why are you treating your servants this way? 16 No straw is given to your servants, but we are told, ‘Make bricks!’ Your servants are even being beaten, but the fault is with your people.” 17 But Pharaoh replied, “You are slackers! Slackers! That is why you are saying, ‘Let us go sacrifice to the Lord.’ 18 So now, get back to work! You will not be given straw, but you must still produce your quota of bricks!” 19 The Israelite foremen saw that they were in trouble when they were told, “You must not reduce the daily quota of your bricks.” 20 When they went out from Pharaoh, they encountered Moses and Aaron standing there to meet them, 21 and they said to them, “May the Lord look on you and judge, because you have made us stink in the opinion of Pharaoh and his servants, so that you have given them an excuse to kill us!” 22 Moses returned to the Lord, and said, “Lord, why have you caused trouble for this people? Why did you ever send me? 23 From the time I went to speak to Pharaoh in your name, he has caused trouble for this people, and you have certainly not rescued them!”

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 11:8 and Exodus 5:12

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis 11 describes people scattered after Babel, with the same language used in Exodus to depict Israel scattered when forced to make bricks for Pharaoh. The similarity suggests an intentional connection between Babylonian and Egyptian oppression.

Passages

Genesis 11:8

Hebrew Bible
6 And the Lord said, “If as one people all sharing a common language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be beyond them. 7 Come, let’s go down and confuse their language so they won’t be able to understand each other.” 8 So the Lord scattered them from there across the face of the entire earth, and they stopped building the city. 9 That is why its name was called Babel—because there the Lord confused the language of the entire world, and from there the Lord scattered them across the face of the entire earth. 10 This is the account of Shem. Shem was 100 years old when he became the father of Arphaxad, two years after the flood.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Exodus 5:12

Hebrew Bible
10 So the slave masters of the people and their foremen went to the Israelites and said, “Thus says Pharaoh: ‘I am not giving you straw. 11 You go get straw for yourselves wherever you can find it, because there will be no reduction at all in your workload.’” 12 So the people spread out through all the land of Egypt to collect stubble for straw. 13 The slave masters were pressuring them, saying, “Complete your work for each day, just like when there was straw!” 14 The Israelite foremen whom Pharaoh’s slave masters had set over them were beaten and were asked, “Why did you not complete your requirement for brickmaking as in the past—both yesterday and today?”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

References

"... An indicator of literary analogy is the repetition of rarely used words and phrases in the context of parallel motifs. In this case, we see a shared use of the word for building bricks connecting the Babel narrative with the Exodus narrative. It is essential to note that the verb לבן ‘to make bricks’ and the plural noun לְבֵנִים ‘bricks’ are used together only in these two places in the Torah (Genesis 11:3; Exodus 5:7), and in both places refer to building projects that are antithetical to the purposes of God for his people. Just prior to Abram’s exodus from Egypt (Genesis 12:10–13:4), the Babel narrative describes the building of a city of bricks (לְבֵנִים, Genesis 11:3). God, however, thwarts this building project by scattering its builders over the face of the whole land: וַיָּפֶץ יְהוָה אֹתָם מִשָּׁם עַל־פְּנֵי כָל־הָאָרֶץ (Genesis 11:8). Likewise, just prior to Israel’s exodus from Egypt and return to the Promised Land, the Israelites build cities of bricks (לְבֵנִים) for Pharaoh (Exodus 5:7). This building project, however, is thwarted (Exodus 5:14-19) when the Israelites are compelled to scatter over all the land: וַיָּפֶץ הָעָם בְּכָל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם (Exodus 5:12). The nearly identical wording of Exodus 5:12 and Genesis 11:8 in a matrix of parallel motifs suggest the presence of an intentional analogy ..."
Seth D. Postell, “Abram as Israel, Israel as Abram: Literary Analogy as Macro-Structural Strategy in the Torah,” TynBul 67.2 (2016): 161–182.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 11:8 and Exodus 5:12

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