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Exodus

About this book
Chapter 5

1 Afterward Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, has said, ‘Release my people⁠ so that they may hold a pilgrim feast to me in the wilderness.’”⁠ 2 But Pharaoh said, “Who is the Lord that I should obey him by releasing Israel? I do not know the Lord,⁠ and I will not release Israel!” 3 And they said, “The God of the Hebrews has met with us.⁠ Let us go a three-day journey into the wilderness so that we may sacrifice to the Lord our God, so that he does not strike us with plague or the sword.” 4 The king of Egypt said to them, “Moses and Aaron, why do you cause the people to refrain from their work? Return to your labor!” 5 Pharaoh was thinking, “The people of the land are now many,⁠ and you are giving them rest from their labor.” 6 That same day Pharaoh commanded the slave masters and foremen who were over the people: 7 “You must no longer give straw to the people for making bricks as before.⁠ Let them go and collect straw for themselves. 8 But you must require of them the same quota of bricks that they were making before. Do not reduce it, for they are slackers. That is why they are crying, ‘Let us go sacrifice to our God.’ 9 Make the work harder for the men⁠ so they will keep at it and pay no attention to lying words!”⁠ 10 So the slave masters of the people and their foremen went to the Israelites and said, “Thus says Pharaoh: ‘I am not giving you straw. 11 You go get straw for yourselves wherever you can find it, because there will be no reduction at all in your workload.’” 12 So the people spread out through all the land of Egypt⁠ to collect stubble for straw. 13 The slave masters were pressuring them, saying, “Complete your work for each day, just like when there was straw!” 14 The Israelite foremen whom Pharaoh’s slave masters had set over them were beaten and were asked, “Why did you not complete your requirement for brickmaking as in the past—both yesterday and today?” 15 The Israelite foremen went and cried out to Pharaoh, “Why are you treating your servants this way? 16 No straw is given to your servants, but we are told, ‘Make bricks!’ Your servants are even being beaten, but the fault is with your people.” 17 But Pharaoh replied, “You are slackers! Slackers! That is why you are saying, ‘Let us go sacrifice to the Lord.’ 18 So now, get back to work! You will not be given straw, but you must still produce your quota of bricks!” 19 The Israelite foremen saw that they were in trouble when they were told, “You must not reduce the daily quota of your bricks.” 20 When they went out from Pharaoh, they encountered Moses and Aaron standing there to meet them, 21 and they said to them, “May the Lord look on you and judge, because you have made us stink in the opinion of Pharaoh and his servants, so that you have given them an excuse to kill us!” 22 Moses returned to the Lord, and said, “Lord, why have you caused trouble for this people? Why did you ever send me? 23 From the time I went to speak to Pharaoh in your name, he has caused trouble for this people, and you have certainly not rescued them!”

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 5:1 and 1 Kings 12:32

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Exodus, Moses asks for freedom to hold a festival, and Pharaoh responds by increasing the labor. In 1 Kings, Jeroboam fills a Moses-like role as Rehoboam mirrors Pharaoh, the tribes seeking relief from hard service and later establishing a festival.

Passages

Exodus 5:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Afterward Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, has said, ‘Release my people so that they may hold a pilgrim feast to me in the wilderness.’” 2 But Pharaoh said, “Who is the Lord that I should obey him by releasing Israel? I do not know the Lord, and I will not release Israel!” 3 And they said, “The God of the Hebrews has met with us. Let us go a three-day journey into the wilderness so that we may sacrifice to the Lord our God, so that he does not strike us with plague or the sword.” 4 The king of Egypt said to them, “Moses and Aaron, why do you cause the people to refrain from their work? Return to your labor!”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

1 Kings 12:32

Hebrew Bible
31 He built temples on the high places and appointed as priests common people who were not Levites. 32 Jeroboam inaugurated a festival on the fifteenth day of the eighth month, like the festival celebrated in Judah. On the altar in Bethel he offered sacrifices to the calves he had made. In Bethel he also appointed priests for the high places he had made. 33 On the fifteenth day of the eighth month (a date he had arbitrarily chosen) Jeroboam offered sacrifices on the altar he had made in Bethel. He inaugurated a festival for the Israelites and went up to the altar to offer sacrifices.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

"... the theme of Israelites seeking liberty to worship Yahweh in a pilgrimage, only to be rebuffed by their sovereign, recalls somewhat the circumstances surrounding the secession of Northern Israel. In 1 Kings 12, the Northerners demand relief from their corvée duties, but King Rehoboam rejects their suit. The people withdraw and, at some later point, hold a pilgrim festival. Thus Exodus 5 suits well E’s Northern patriotism ..."
William H. C. Propp, Exodus 1–18: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, AB 2 (New York: Doubleday, 1999), 251.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 5:1 and 1 Kings 12:32

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