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Exodus

About this book
Chapter 5

1 Afterward Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, has said, ‘Release my people⁠ so that they may hold a pilgrim feast to me in the wilderness.’”⁠ 2 But Pharaoh said, “Who is the Lord that I should obey him by releasing Israel? I do not know the Lord,⁠ and I will not release Israel!” 3 And they said, “The God of the Hebrews has met with us.⁠ Let us go a three-day journey into the wilderness so that we may sacrifice to the Lord our God, so that he does not strike us with plague or the sword.” 4 The king of Egypt said to them, “Moses and Aaron, why do you cause the people to refrain from their work? Return to your labor!” 5 Pharaoh was thinking, “The people of the land are now many,⁠ and you are giving them rest from their labor.” 6 That same day Pharaoh commanded the slave masters and foremen who were over the people: 7 “You must no longer give straw to the people for making bricks as before.⁠ Let them go and collect straw for themselves. 8 But you must require of them the same quota of bricks that they were making before. Do not reduce it, for they are slackers. That is why they are crying, ‘Let us go sacrifice to our God.’ 9 Make the work harder for the men⁠ so they will keep at it and pay no attention to lying words!”⁠ 10 So the slave masters of the people and their foremen went to the Israelites and said, “Thus says Pharaoh: ‘I am not giving you straw. 11 You go get straw for yourselves wherever you can find it, because there will be no reduction at all in your workload.’” 12 So the people spread out through all the land of Egypt⁠ to collect stubble for straw. 13 The slave masters were pressuring them, saying, “Complete your work for each day, just like when there was straw!” 14 The Israelite foremen whom Pharaoh’s slave masters had set over them were beaten and were asked, “Why did you not complete your requirement for brickmaking as in the past—both yesterday and today?” 15 The Israelite foremen went and cried out to Pharaoh, “Why are you treating your servants this way? 16 No straw is given to your servants, but we are told, ‘Make bricks!’ Your servants are even being beaten, but the fault is with your people.” 17 But Pharaoh replied, “You are slackers! Slackers! That is why you are saying, ‘Let us go sacrifice to the Lord.’ 18 So now, get back to work! You will not be given straw, but you must still produce your quota of bricks!” 19 The Israelite foremen saw that they were in trouble when they were told, “You must not reduce the daily quota of your bricks.” 20 When they went out from Pharaoh, they encountered Moses and Aaron standing there to meet them, 21 and they said to them, “May the Lord look on you and judge, because you have made us stink in the opinion of Pharaoh and his servants, so that you have given them an excuse to kill us!” 22 Moses returned to the Lord, and said, “Lord, why have you caused trouble for this people? Why did you ever send me? 23 From the time I went to speak to Pharaoh in your name, he has caused trouble for this people, and you have certainly not rescued them!”

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 5:1 and 1 Kings 12:3

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In 1 Kings, Rehoboam is depicted like Pharaoh, increasing the people’s heavy labor, while Jeroboam is depicted like Moses who tries to free them from it. This echoes Exodus, where Pharaoh rejected Moses’s plea for freedom and made the work harder.

Passages

Exodus 5:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Afterward Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, has said, ‘Release my people so that they may hold a pilgrim feast to me in the wilderness.’” 2 But Pharaoh said, “Who is the Lord that I should obey him by releasing Israel? I do not know the Lord, and I will not release Israel!” 3 And they said, “The God of the Hebrews has met with us. Let us go a three-day journey into the wilderness so that we may sacrifice to the Lord our God, so that he does not strike us with plague or the sword.” 4 The king of Egypt said to them, “Moses and Aaron, why do you cause the people to refrain from their work? Return to your labor!”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

1 Kings 12:3

Hebrew Bible
1 Rehoboam traveled to Shechem, for all Israel had gathered in Shechem to make Rehoboam king. 2 When Jeroboam son of Nebat heard the news, he was still in Egypt, where he had fled from King Solomon and had been living ever since. 3 They sent for him, and Jeroboam and the whole Israelite assembly came and spoke to Rehoboam, saying, 4 “Your father made us work too hard. Now if you lighten the demands he made and don’t make us work as hard, we will serve you.” 5 He said to them, “Go away for three days, then return to me.” So the people went away.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

"... Rehoboam's rival Jeroboam is depicted as a second Moses who has come back from Egypt to liberate the people, who suffer under forced labor. He negotiates with Rehoboam as Moses did with Pharaoh. Rehoboam is patterned after the Pharaoh of the Exodus story, increasing the labor he requires from the populace (the yoke). ..."
Michael David Coogan and Marc Z. Brettler, eds., The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version, 5th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press USA, 2018), 518–519.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 5:1 and 1 Kings 12:3

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