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Exodus

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Moses answered again, “And if they do not believe me or pay attention to me, but say, ‘The Lord has not appeared to you’?” 2 The Lord said to him, “What is that in your hand?” He said, “A staff.” 3 The Lord said, “Throw it to the ground.” So he threw it to the ground, and it became a snake, and Moses ran from it. 4 But the Lord said to Moses, “Put out your hand and grab it by the tail”—so he put out his hand and caught it, and it became a staff in his hand— 5 “that they may believe that the Lord, the God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has appeared to you.” 6 The Lord also said to him, “Put your hand into your robe.” So he put his hand into his robe, and when he brought it out—there was his hand, leprous like snow!⁠ 7 He said, “Put your hand back into your robe.” So he put his hand back into his robe, and when he brought it out from his robe—there it was, restored like the rest of his skin! 8 “If they do not believe you or pay attention to the former sign, then they may believe the latter sign. 9 And if they do not believe even these two signs or listen to you, then take some water from the Nile and pour it out on the dry ground. The water you take out of the Nile will become blood on the dry ground.” 10 Then Moses said to the Lord, “O my Lord, I am not an eloquent man, neither in the past nor since you have spoken to your servant, for I am slow of speech and slow of tongue.”⁠ 11 The Lord said to him, “Who gave a mouth to man, or who makes a person mute or deaf or seeing or blind? Is it not I, the Lord? 12 So now go, and I will be with your mouth and will teach you what you must say.” 13 But Moses said, “O my Lord, please send anyone else whom you wish to send!” 14 Then the Lord became angry with Moses,⁠ and he said, “What about your brother Aaron the Levite? I know that he can speak very well.⁠ Moreover, he is coming to meet you, and when he sees you he will be glad in his heart. 15 “So you are to speak to him and put the words in his mouth. And as for me, I will be with your mouth and with his mouth, and I will teach you both what you must do. 16 He will speak for you to the people, and it will be as if he were your mouth and as if you were his God. 17 You will also take in your hand this staff, with which you will do the signs.”

Moses Returns to Egypt

18 So Moses went back to his father-in-law Jethro and said to him, “Let me go, so that I may return to my relatives in Egypt and see if they are still alive.” Jethro said to Moses, “Go in peace.” 19 The Lord said to Moses in Midian, “Go back to Egypt, because all the men who were seeking your life are dead.” 20 Then Moses took his wife and sons and put them on a donkey⁠ and headed back to the land of Egypt, and Moses took the staff of God⁠ in his hand. 21 The Lord said to Moses, “When you go back to Egypt, see that you do before Pharaoh all the wonders I have put under your control. But I will harden his heart and he will not let the people go.⁠ 22 You must say to Pharaoh, ‘This is what the Lord has said, “Israel is my son, my firstborn,⁠ 23 and I said to you, ‘Let my son go that he may serve me,’⁠ but since you have refused to let him go, I will surely kill your son, your firstborn!”’” 24 Now on the way, at a place where they stopped for the night, the Lord met Moses⁠ and sought to kill him.⁠ 25 But Zipporah took a flint knife, cut off the foreskin of her son and touched it to Moses’ feet, and said, “Surely you are a bridegroom of blood to me.”⁠ 26 So the Lord let him alone. (At that time she said, “A bridegroom of blood,” referring to the circumcision.) 27 The Lord said to Aaron, “Go to the wilderness to meet Moses. So he went and met him at the mountain of God and greeted him with a kiss. 28 Moses told Aaron all the words of the Lord who had sent him and all the signs that he had commanded him. 29 Then Moses and Aaron went and brought together all the Israelite elders. 30 Aaron spoke all the words that the Lord had spoken to Moses and did the signs in the sight of the people, 31 and the people believed. When they heard that the Lord had attended to the Israelites and that he had seen their affliction, they bowed down close to the ground.

Texts in conversation

Why Moses Was Slow of Speech in Exodus and Ezekiel

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Exodus, Moses tells God he is slow of speech. Ezekiel uses the same description for foreign languages, suggesting it means trouble communicating, implying that Moses’s hesitation may reflect doubt in his ability to speak clearly, not a disability.

Passages

Exodus 4:10

Hebrew Bible
8 “If they do not believe you or pay attention to the former sign, then they may believe the latter sign. 9 And if they do not believe even these two signs or listen to you, then take some water from the Nile and pour it out on the dry ground. The water you take out of the Nile will become blood on the dry ground.” 10 Then Moses said to the Lord, “O my Lord, I am not an eloquent man, neither in the past nor since you have spoken to your servant, for I am slow of speech and slow of tongue.” 11 The Lord said to him, “Who gave a mouth to man, or who makes a person mute or deaf or seeing or blind? Is it not I, the Lord? 12 So now go, and I will be with your mouth and will teach you what you must say.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Ezekiel 3:5

Hebrew Bible
3 He said to me, “Son of man, feed your stomach and fill your belly with this scroll I am giving to you.” So I ate it, and it was sweet like honey in my mouth. 4 He said to me, “Son of man, go to the house of Israel and speak my words to them. 5 For you are not being sent to a people of unintelligible speech and difficult language, but to the house of Israel— 6 not to many peoples of unintelligible speech and difficult language, whose words you cannot understand. Surely if I had sent you to them, they would listen to you! 7 But the house of Israel is unwilling to listen to you, because they are not willing to listen to me, for the whole house of Israel is hardheaded and hardhearted.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

References

"... A common misconception of the Moses character is that the Exodus narrative portrays him as having had a speech impediment. At the bush that did not burn up, Moses entered into a conversation with yhwh that ended with him being sent to Egypt to lead God’s people out of bondage. Moses pushed back on this assignment with obvious reluctance in one final argument, which is recorded in Exodus 4:10–13. He began this last phase of reticence by saying, “O my Lord, I am not eloquent, neither before nor since You have spoken to Your servant; but I am slow of speech and slow of tongue”. However, Ezekiel 3:5–6 uses the same phrase “slow of tongue” that Moses does to refer to foreign languages that are unintelligible (compare Isaiah 33:19). “Heavy” usually refers to a medical condition, but here the use is extended to refer to linguistic difficulties. Carol Myers makes the connection to an Egyptian ritual of “opening the mouth,” and surmises that there was no medical condition in mind in Exodus 4. In addition, this “slowness” was not associated with a stuttering problem when this story was recounted by Stephen, one of the Christian church’s first deacons, in Acts 7:22. Stephen is recorded as saying that Moses, during his life growing up as an Egyptian prince, “was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and deeds”. Being “mighty in words” obviously cannot reflect a speech impediment. Thus, those who held to the authenticity of the story by that late date seemed to understand Moses’s slowness of speech to be something different than a problem with speaking ..."
A. Rahel Wells and L. S. Baker Jr., “Egyptian Language Practice: A Model for Hebrew Poetic Use?” in Exploring the Composition of the Pentateuch, ed. L. S. Baker Jr., Kenneth Bergland, Felipe A. Masotti, and A. Rahel Wells (University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns, 2020), 49–65.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 4:10 and Ezekiel 3:5

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