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Exodus

About this book
Chapter 33

1 The Lord said to Moses, “Go up from here, you and the people whom you brought up out of the land of Egypt, to the land I promised on oath to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, saying, ‘I will give it to your descendants.’ 2 I will send an angel before you, and I will drive out⁠ the Canaanite, the Amorite, the Hittite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite. 3 Go up to a land flowing with milk and honey. But I will not go up among you,⁠ for you are a stiff-necked people, and I might destroy you on the way.” 4 When the people heard this troubling word they mourned; no one put on his ornaments. 5 For the Lord had said to Moses, “Tell the Israelites, ‘You are a stiff-necked people. If I went up among you for a moment, I might destroy you. Now take off your ornaments that I may know what I should do to you.’” 6 So the Israelites stripped off their ornaments by Mount Horeb. 7 Moses took the tent and pitched it outside the camp, at a good distance from the camp, and he called it the tent of meeting. Anyone seeking the Lord would go out to the tent of meeting that was outside the camp.⁠ 8 And when Moses went out to the tent, all the people would get up and stand at the entrance to their tents and watch Moses until he entered the tent. 9 And whenever Moses entered the tent, the pillar of cloud would descend and stand at the entrance of the tent, and the Lord would speak with Moses.⁠ 10 When all the people would see the pillar of cloud standing at the entrance of the tent, all the people, each one at the entrance of his own tent, would rise and worship. 11 The Lord would speak to Moses face to face, the way a person speaks to a friend.⁠ Then Moses would return to the camp, but his servant, Joshua son of Nun, a young man, did not leave the tent.⁠ 12 Moses said to the Lord, “See, you have been saying to me, ‘Bring this people up,’ but you have not let me know whom you will send with me. But you said, ‘I know you by name, and also you have found favor in my sight.’ 13 Now if I have found favor in your sight, show me your way, that I may know you,⁠ that I may continue to find favor in your sight. And see that this nation is your people.” 14 And the Lord said, “My presence will go with you, and I will give you rest.”⁠ 15 And Moses said to him, “If your presence does not go with us, do not take us up from here. 16 For how will it be known then that I have found favor in your sight, I and your people? Is it not by your going with us, so that we will be distinguished, I and your people, from all the people who are on the face of the earth?” 17 The Lord said to Moses, “I will do this thing also that you have requested, for you have found favor in my sight, and I know you by name.” 18 And Moses said, “Show me your glory.” 19 And the Lord said, “I will make all my goodness pass before your face, and I will proclaim the Lord by name before you; I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious; I will show mercy to whom I will show mercy.” 20 But he added, “You cannot see my face, for no one can see me and live.”⁠ 21 The Lord said, “Here is a place by me; you will station yourself on a rock. 22 When my glory passes by, I will put you in a cleft in the rock and will cover you with my hand while I pass by.⁠ 23 Then I will take away my hand, and you will see my back, but my face must not be seen.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 33:22 and 1 Kings 19:11

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In 1 Kings 19, Elijah is depicted as following the pattern of Moses while encountering God at Mount Horeb, where he is called from a cave as God passes by. This echoes Exodus 33, where Moses is sheltered in a cleft of the rock as God passes by.

Passages

Exodus 33:22

Hebrew Bible
19 And the Lord said, “I will make all my goodness pass before your face, and I will proclaim the Lord by name before you; I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious; I will show mercy to whom I will show mercy.” 20 But he added, “You cannot see my face, for no one can see me and live.” 21 The Lord said, “Here is a place by me; you will station yourself on a rock. 22 When my glory passes by, I will put you in a cleft in the rock and will cover you with my hand while I pass by. 23 Then I will take away my hand, and you will see my back, but my face must not be seen.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

1 Kings 19:11

Hebrew Bible
9 He went into a cave there and spent the night. Suddenly the Lord’s message came to him, “Why are you here, Elijah?” 10 He answered, “I have been absolutely loyal to the Lord God of Heaven’s Armies, even though the Israelites have abandoned the covenant they made with you, torn down your altars, and killed your prophets with the sword. I alone am left and now they want to take my life.” 11 The Lord said, “Go out and stand on the mountain before the Lord. Look, the Lord is ready to pass by.” A very powerful wind went before the Lord, digging into the mountain and causing landslides, but the Lord was not in the wind. After the windstorm there was an earthquake, but the Lord was not in the earthquake. 12 After the earthquake, there was a fire, but the Lord was not in the fire. After the fire, there was a soft whisper. 13 When Elijah heard it, he covered his face with his robe and went out and stood at the entrance to the cave. Suddenly a voice asked him, “Why are you here, Elijah?”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

"... Throughout the Horeb and Chariot narratives, the author(s) of these tales intentionally has imbued Elijah with motifs and narratives related to Moses from the Hebrew Bible. Himself the quintessential representation of both polemic against idolatry, and the exclusive and proper worship of Yahweh, it is fitting that the narrator(s) of this passage intentionally would weave into the Elijah narratives rich allusions to the towering figure of Moses. In addition to the similarity of their missions on behalf of Yahweh, allusions to Moses in Elijah’s narratives can be found in Elijah’s journey of 40 days and 40 nights to reach the mountain of God (1 Kings 19:8), where Moses had spent “forty days and forty nights” receiving the Law (Exodus 24:18). Similarly, on Mt. Horeb, Elijah stayed in a cave there (1 Kings 19:8) and was bidden to come out as Yahweh passed by, just as Moses had stood “in the crevice of a rock” for a similar theophanic appearance of Yahweh on Mt. Sinai (Exodus 33:22). Elijah covered his face with his cloak (1 Kings 19:13) in front of Yahweh’s theophany (1 Kings 19:11), just as Moses had hid his own face at the burning bush (Exodus 3:6), both of which reactions were not uncommon responses in the ancient Near East when ‘meeting’ the divine. Even Yahweh’s appearance at Sinai in thunder and fire was echoed in Elijah’s theophanic experience of the divine (1 Kings 19:11–12). Finally, when we meet the figure of Elisha in the Horeb narrative, we see another similarity with Moses; the presence of a faithful servant who becomes his successor. Joshua son of Nun was a servant of Moses for years before being appointed Moses’ successor (Exodus 33:11, Numbers 11:28, Joshua 1:1) ..."
Erica Ferg, Geography, Religion, Gods, and Saints in the Eastern Mediterranean (Abingdon: Routledge, 2020), 116.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 33:22 and 1 Kings 19:11

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