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Exodus

About this book
Chapter 32

1 When the people saw that Moses delayed in coming down from the mountain, they gathered around Aaron and said to him, “Get up, make us gods that will go before us. As for this fellow Moses, the man who brought us up from the land of Egypt, we do not know what has become of him!”⁠ 2 So Aaron said to them, “Break off the gold earrings that are on the ears of your wives, your sons, and your daughters, and bring them to me.”⁠ 3 So all the people broke off the gold earrings that were on their ears and brought them to Aaron.⁠ 4 He accepted the gold from them, fashioned it with an engraving tool, and made a molten calf.⁠ Then they said, “These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt.”⁠ 5 When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it,⁠ and Aaron made a proclamation and said, “Tomorrow will be a feast to the Lord.” 6 So they got up early on the next day and offered up burnt offerings and brought peace offerings, and the people sat down to eat and drink,⁠ and they rose up to play. 7 The Lord spoke to Moses, “Go quickly, descend, because your people, whom you brought up from the land of Egypt, have acted corruptly. 8 They have quickly turned aside from the way that I commanded them—they have made for themselves a molten calf and have bowed down to it and sacrificed to it and said, ‘These are your gods, O Israel, which brought you up from the land of Egypt.’” 9 Then the Lord said to Moses, “I have seen this people. Look what a stiff-necked people they are!⁠ 10 So now, leave me alone so that my anger can burn against them and I can destroy them, and I will make from you a great nation.” 11 But Moses sought the favor of the Lord his God and said, “O Lord, why does your anger burn against your people, whom you have brought out from the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand?⁠ 12 Why should the Egyptians say, ‘For evil he led them out to kill them in the mountains and to destroy them from the face of the earth’?⁠ Turn from your burning anger, and relent of this evil against your people.⁠ 13 Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel your servants, to whom you swore by yourself⁠ and told them, ‘I will multiply your descendants like the stars of heaven, and all this land that I have spoken about I will give to your descendants, and they will inherit it forever.’” 14 Then the Lord relented over the evil that he had said he would do to his people. 15 Moses turned and went down from the mountain with the two tablets of the testimony in his hands. The tablets were written on both sides—they were written on the front and on the back. 16 Now the tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved on the tablets. 17 When Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said to Moses, “It is the sound of war in the camp!” 18 Moses said, “It is not the sound of those who shout for victory, nor is it the sound of those who cry because they are overcome, but the sound of singing I hear.” 19 When he approached the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, Moses became extremely angry. He threw the tablets from his hands and broke them to pieces at the bottom of the mountain. 20 He took the calf they had made and burned it in the fire, ground it to powder, poured it out on the water, and made the Israelites drink it.⁠ 21 Moses said to Aaron, “What did this people do to you, that you have brought on them so great a sin?” 22 Aaron said, “Do not let your anger burn hot, my lord; you know these people, that they tend to evil. 23 They said to me, ‘Make us gods that will go before us, for as for this fellow Moses, the man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we do not know what has happened to him.’ 24 So I said to them, ‘Whoever has gold, break it off.’ So they gave it to me, and I threw it into the fire, and this calf came out.” 25 Moses saw that the people were running wild, for Aaron had let them get completely out of control, causing derision from their enemies.⁠ 26 So Moses stood at the entrance of the camp and said, “Whoever is for the Lord, come to me.” All the Levites gathered around him, 27 and he said to them, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, has said ‘Each man fasten his sword on his side, and go back and forth from entrance to entrance throughout the camp, and each one kill his brother, his friend, and his neighbor.’” 28 The Levites did what Moses ordered, and that day about 3,000 men of the people died. 29 Moses said, “You have been consecrated today for the Lord, for each of you was against his son or against his brother, so he has given a blessing to you today.” 30 The next day Moses said to the people, “You have committed a very serious sin, but now I will go up to the Lord—perhaps I can make atonement on behalf of your sin.” 31 So Moses returned to the Lord and said, “Alas, this people has committed a very serious sin, and they have made for themselves gods of gold. 32 But now, if you will forgive their sin…, but if not, wipe me out from your book that you have written.”⁠ 33 The Lord said to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against me—that person I will wipe out of my book. 34 So now go, lead the people to the place I have spoken to you about. See, my angel will go before you. But on the day that I punish, I will indeed punish them for their sin.” 35 And the Lord sent a plague on the people because they had made the calf—the one Aaron made.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 32:35 and Numbers 14:37

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Exodus describes a plague after the golden calf incident, and Numbers describes a plague killing the spies with a bad report. Both use battle language, presenting the plague as a divine strike, like an attack by a warrior, not an accident of illness.

Passages

Exodus 32:35

Hebrew Bible
33 The Lord said to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against me—that person I will wipe out of my book. 34 So now go, lead the people to the place I have spoken to you about. See, my angel will go before you. But on the day that I punish, I will indeed punish them for their sin.” 35 And the Lord sent a plague on the people because they had made the calf—the one Aaron made.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Numbers 14:37

Hebrew Bible
35 I, the Lord, have said, “I will surely do so to all this evil congregation that has gathered together against me. In this wilderness they will be finished, and there they will die!”’” 36 The men whom Moses sent to investigate the land, who returned and made the whole community murmur against him by producing an evil report about the land, 37 those men who produced the evil report about the land, died by the plague before the Lord. 38 But Joshua son of Nun and Caleb son of Jephunneh, who were among the men who went to investigate the land, lived. 39 When Moses told these things to all the Israelites, the people mourned greatly.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

References

"... The terminology that describes the plagues appears most frequently in martial contexts. The English translations of three separate Hebrew roots as “plague” has caused confusion, as two of them (נגף and נגע) refer broadly to YHWH’s attacks, while the third (דבר) denotes pestilence specifically. The verbal form of the root נגף commonly has a military connotation, denoting striking someone, defeating an enemy, or the attack of the divine warrior. (It refers to a divine blow against: Israel, Exodus 32:35; Benjamin, Judges 20:35; Nabal, 1 Samuel 25:38; Bathsheba’s infant, 2 Samuel 12:15; Jeroboam’s army, 2 Chronicles 13:15; Jeroboam, 2 Chronicles 13:20; the Ethiopians, 2 Chronicles 14:11; and Jehoram, 2 Chronicles 21:18) When the Israelites were defeated by the Philistines, they questioned why YHWH had struck them (1 Samuel 4:3). The divine warrior promised to strike the enemies of David (Psalm 89:24) and the nations that would not come to worship in Jerusalem (Zech 14:12, 18). The nominal forms מגפה and נגף most frequently refer to divine blows, including the spies who brought back a bad report (Numbers 14:37), the Philistines who captured the Ark of the Covenant (1 Samuel 6:4), Jehoram (2 Chronicles 21:14), Ezekiel’s wife (Ezekiel 24:16), and the nations that refuse to worship in Jerusalem (Zechariah 14:12, 15, 18). The divine blows could involve a disease ..."
Charlie Trimm, "YHWH Fights for Them!": The Divine Warrior in the Exodus Narrative (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2014), 44.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 32:35 and Numbers 14:37

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