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Exodus

About this book

God Calls Moses

Chapter 3

1 Now Moses was shepherding the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian,⁠ and he led the flock to the far side of the desert⁠ and came to the mountain⁠ of God, to Horeb. 2 The angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire from within a bush.⁠ He looked, and the bush was ablaze with fire, but it was not being consumed!⁠ 3 So Moses thought, “I will turn aside to see this amazing sight. Why does the bush not burn up?” 4 When the Lord saw that he had turned aside to look, God called to him from within the bush and said, “Moses, Moses!” And Moses said, “Here I am.”⁠ 5 God said, “Do not approach any closer! Take your sandals off your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.”⁠ 6 He added, “I am the God of your father,⁠ the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” Then Moses hid his face, because he was afraid to look at God.⁠ 7 The Lord said, “I have surely seen the affliction of my people⁠ who are in Egypt. I have heard their cry because of their taskmasters, for I know their sorrows.⁠ 8 I have come down to deliver them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up from that land to a land that is both good and spacious, to a land flowing with milk and honey,⁠ to the region of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites. 9 And now indeed the cry of the Israelites has come to me,⁠ and I have also seen how severely the Egyptians oppress them. 10 So now go, and I will send you to Pharaoh to bring my people, the Israelites, out of Egypt.” 11 Moses said to God, “Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh, or that I should bring the Israelites out of Egypt?”⁠ 12 He replied, “Surely I will be with you,⁠ and this will be the sign to you that I have sent you: When you bring the people out of Egypt, you and they will serve God at this mountain.” 13 Moses said to God, “If I go to the Israelites and tell them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is his name?’—what should I say to them?” 14 God said to Moses, “I AM that I AM.”⁠ And he said, “You must say this to the Israelites, ‘I AM has sent me to you.’”⁠ 15 God also said to Moses, “You must say this to the Israelites, ‘The Lord—the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you. This is my name forever, and this is my memorial from generation to generation.’⁠ 16 “Go and bring together the elders of Israel and tell them, ‘The Lord, the God of your fathers, appeared to me—the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—saying, “I have attended carefully to you and to what has been done to you in Egypt, 17 and I have promised that I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt to the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, to a land flowing with milk and honey.”’ 18 “The elders will listen to you, and then you and the elders of Israel must go to the king of Egypt and tell him, ‘The Lord, the God of the Hebrews, has met with us. So now, let us go three days’ journey into the wilderness, so that we may sacrifice to the Lord our God.’ 19 But I know that the king of Egypt will not let you go, not even under force. 20 So I will extend my hand and strike Egypt with all my wonders that I will do among them,⁠ and after that he will release you. 21 “I will grant this people favor with the Egyptians, so that when you depart you will not leave empty-handed. 22 Every woman will ask her neighbor and the one who happens to be staying in her house for items of silver and gold and for clothing. You will put these articles on your sons and daughters—thus you will plunder Egypt!”

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 3:6 and 1 Kings 19:13

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Elijah’s encounter with God in 1 Kings 19 echoes Moses’ call in Exodus 3. Both occur at Horeb, involve divine self-revelation, and both cover their faces. These reflect a deliberate connection that portrays Elijah following the pattern of Moses.

Passages

Exodus 3:6

Hebrew Bible
5 God said, “Do not approach any closer! Take your sandals off your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.” 6 He added, “I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” Then Moses hid his face, because he was afraid to look at God. 7 The Lord said, “I have surely seen the affliction of my people who are in Egypt. I have heard their cry because of their taskmasters, for I know their sorrows.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

1 Kings 19:13

Hebrew Bible
11 The Lord said, “Go out and stand on the mountain before the Lord. Look, the Lord is ready to pass by.” A very powerful wind went before the Lord, digging into the mountain and causing landslides, but the Lord was not in the wind. After the windstorm there was an earthquake, but the Lord was not in the earthquake. 12 After the earthquake, there was a fire, but the Lord was not in the fire. After the fire, there was a soft whisper. 13 When Elijah heard it, he covered his face with his robe and went out and stood at the entrance to the cave. Suddenly a voice asked him, “Why are you here, Elijah?” 14 He answered, “I have been absolutely loyal to the Lord God of Heaven’s Armies, even though the Israelites have abandoned the covenant they made with you, torn down your altars, and killed your prophets with the sword. I alone am left and now they want to take my life.”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

"... Throughout the Horeb and Chariot narratives, the author(s) of these tales intentionally has imbued Elijah with motifs and narratives related to Moses from the Hebrew Bible. Himself the quintessential representation of both polemic against idolatry, and the exclusive and proper worship of Yahweh, it is fitting that the narrator(s) of this passage intentionally would weave into the Elijah narratives rich allusions to the towering figure of Moses. In addition to the similarity of their missions on behalf of Yahweh, allusions to Moses in Elijah’s narratives can be found in Elijah’s journey of 40 days and 40 nights to reach the mountain of God (1 Kings 19:8), where Moses had spent “forty days and forty nights” receiving the Law (Exodus 24:18). Similarly, on Mt. Horeb, Elijah stayed in a cave there (1 Kings 19:8) and was bidden to come out as Yahweh passed by, just as Moses had stood “in the crevice of a rock” for a similar theophanic appearance of Yahweh on Mt. Sinai (Exodus 33:22). Elijah covered his face with his cloak (1 Kings 19:13) in front of Yahweh’s theophany (1 Kings 19:11), just as Moses had hid his own face at the burning bush (Exodus 3:6), both of which reactions were not uncommon responses in the ancient Near East when ‘meeting’ the divine. Even Yahweh’s appearance at Sinai in thunder and fire was echoed in Elijah’s theophanic experience of the divine (1 Kings 19:11–12). Finally, when we meet the figure of Elisha in the Horeb narrative, we see another similarity with Moses; the presence of a faithful servant who becomes his successor. Joshua son of Nun was a servant of Moses for years before being appointed Moses’ successor (Exodus 33:11, Numbers 11:28, Joshua 1:1) ..."
Erica Ferg, Geography, Religion, Gods, and Saints in the Eastern Mediterranean (Abingdon: Routledge, 2020), 116.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 3:6 and 1 Kings 19:13

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