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Exodus

About this book

God Calls Moses

Chapter 3

1 Now Moses was shepherding the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian,⁠ and he led the flock to the far side of the desert⁠ and came to the mountain⁠ of God, to Horeb. 2 The angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire from within a bush.⁠ He looked, and the bush was ablaze with fire, but it was not being consumed!⁠ 3 So Moses thought, “I will turn aside to see this amazing sight. Why does the bush not burn up?” 4 When the Lord saw that he had turned aside to look, God called to him from within the bush and said, “Moses, Moses!” And Moses said, “Here I am.”⁠ 5 God said, “Do not approach any closer! Take your sandals off your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.”⁠ 6 He added, “I am the God of your father,⁠ the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” Then Moses hid his face, because he was afraid to look at God.⁠ 7 The Lord said, “I have surely seen the affliction of my people⁠ who are in Egypt. I have heard their cry because of their taskmasters, for I know their sorrows.⁠ 8 I have come down to deliver them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up from that land to a land that is both good and spacious, to a land flowing with milk and honey,⁠ to the region of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites. 9 And now indeed the cry of the Israelites has come to me,⁠ and I have also seen how severely the Egyptians oppress them. 10 So now go, and I will send you to Pharaoh to bring my people, the Israelites, out of Egypt.” 11 Moses said to God, “Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh, or that I should bring the Israelites out of Egypt?”⁠ 12 He replied, “Surely I will be with you,⁠ and this will be the sign to you that I have sent you: When you bring the people out of Egypt, you and they will serve God at this mountain.” 13 Moses said to God, “If I go to the Israelites and tell them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is his name?’—what should I say to them?” 14 God said to Moses, “I AM that I AM.”⁠ And he said, “You must say this to the Israelites, ‘I AM has sent me to you.’”⁠ 15 God also said to Moses, “You must say this to the Israelites, ‘The Lord—the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you. This is my name forever, and this is my memorial from generation to generation.’⁠ 16 “Go and bring together the elders of Israel and tell them, ‘The Lord, the God of your fathers, appeared to me—the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—saying, “I have attended carefully to you and to what has been done to you in Egypt, 17 and I have promised that I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt to the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, to a land flowing with milk and honey.”’ 18 “The elders will listen to you, and then you and the elders of Israel must go to the king of Egypt and tell him, ‘The Lord, the God of the Hebrews, has met with us. So now, let us go three days’ journey into the wilderness, so that we may sacrifice to the Lord our God.’ 19 But I know that the king of Egypt will not let you go, not even under force. 20 So I will extend my hand and strike Egypt with all my wonders that I will do among them,⁠ and after that he will release you. 21 “I will grant this people favor with the Egyptians, so that when you depart you will not leave empty-handed. 22 Every woman will ask her neighbor and the one who happens to be staying in her house for items of silver and gold and for clothing. You will put these articles on your sons and daughters—thus you will plunder Egypt!”

Texts in conversation

Compare Report of Wenamun 1:40 and Exodus 3:14

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Wenamun says of the god Amun that he is still what he once was, an Egyptian phrase that may also mean the one who is who he is. In Exodus 3, God answers Moses with a name built the same way, saying that he is who he is.

Passages

Report of Wenamun 1:40

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Papyrus Moscow 120
Yes, so spoke Amon-Re, king of gods, saying to Hrihor, my lord: ‘Send me,’ and he made me go, bearing this great god. But, behold, you have let this great god wait twenty-nine days, when he had landed [in] your harbor, although you certainly knew he was here. He is indeed (still) what he (once) was, while you stand and bargain for the Lebanon with Amon, its lord. As for what you say, that the former kings sent silver and gold, if they had given life and health, they would not have sent the valuables; (but) they sent the valuables [to] your fathers instead of life and health.
1075 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Report of Wenamun

Exodus 3:14

Hebrew Bible
13 Moses said to God, “If I go to the Israelites and tell them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is his name?’—what should I say to them?” 14 God said to Moses, “I AM that I AM.” And he said, “You must say this to the Israelites, ‘I AM has sent me to you.’” 15 God also said to Moses, “You must say this to the Israelites, ‘The Lord—the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you. This is my name forever, and this is my memorial from generation to generation.’
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

References

“... Perhaps more problematic than Moses’ question is God’s answer. We will probably never unlock all the secrets of this enigma, but I would like to revive a suggestion made by Cyrus Gordon ten years ago that we compare the epithet of Amon-Ra in the Report of Wenamon. Here the chief deity is referred to as [...], a difficult expression but which can be translated as "The one Who Is Who He Is". In other words, when Moses reported back to Egypt that he had been sent by [...], his words would presumably have been intelligible to his audience. I would not claim that these parallels solve all the problems of Exod 3:13-14, but they deserve serious consideration in working out whatever difficulties may remain. ...”
Gary A. Rendsburg, “The Egyptian Sun-God Ra in the Pentateuch,” Hen 10 (1988): 12–13.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Report of Wenamun 1:40 and Exodus 3:14

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