Go to Related Reading
About this book

Exodus

About this book
Chapter 28

1 “And you, bring near to you your brother Aaron and his sons with him from among the Israelites, so that they may minister as my priests—Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, Aaron’s sons. 2 You must make holy garments for your brother Aaron, for glory and for beauty.⁠ 3 You are to speak to all who are specially skilled, whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, so that they may make Aaron’s garments to set him apart to minister as my priest. 4 Now these are the garments that they are to make: a breastpiece, an ephod, a robe, a fitted tunic, a turban, and a sash.⁠ They are to make holy garments for your brother Aaron and for his sons, that they may minister as my priests. 5 The artisans are to use the gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen. 6 “They are to make the ephod of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twisted linen, the work of an artistic designer. 7 It is to have two shoulder pieces attached to two of its corners, so it can be joined together. 8 The artistically woven waistband of the ephod that is on it is to be like it, of one piece with the ephod, of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twisted linen. 9 “You are to take two onyx stones and engrave on them the names of the sons of Israel, 10 six of their names on one stone, and the six remaining names on the second stone, according to the order of their birth. 11 You are to engrave the two stones with the names of the sons of Israel with the work of an engraver in stone, like the engravings of a seal; you are to have them set in gold filigree settings. 12 You are to put the two stones on the shoulders of the ephod, stones of memorial for the sons of Israel,⁠ and Aaron will bear their names before the Lord on his two shoulders for a memorial. 13 You are to make filigree settings of gold 14 and two braided chains of pure gold, like a cord, and attach the chains to the settings. 15 “You are to make a breastpiece for use in making decisions, the work of an artistic designer; you are to make it in the same fashion as the ephod; you are to make it of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twisted linen. 16 It is to be square when doubled, nine inches long and nine inches wide. 17 You are to set in it a setting for stones, four rows of stones, a row with a ruby, a topaz, and a beryl—the first row; 18 and the second row, a turquoise, a sapphire, and an emerald; 19 and the third row, a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst; 20 and the fourth row, a chrysolite, an onyx, and a jasper. They are to be enclosed in gold in their filigree settings. 21 The stones are to be for the names of the sons of Israel, twelve, according to the number of their names. Each name according to the twelve tribes is to be like the engravings of a seal. 22 “You are to make for the breastpiece braided chains like cords of pure gold, 23 and you are to make for the breastpiece two gold rings and attach the two rings to the upper two ends of the breastpiece. 24 You are to attach the two gold chains to the two rings at the ends of the breastpiece; 25 the other two ends of the two chains you will attach to the two settings and then attach them to the shoulder pieces of the ephod at the front of it. 26 You are to make two rings of gold and put them on the other two ends of the breastpiece, on its edge that is on the inner side of the ephod. 27 You are to make two more gold rings and attach them to the bottom of the two shoulder pieces on the front of the ephod, close to the juncture above the waistband of the ephod. 28 They are to tie the breastpiece by its rings to the rings of the ephod by blue cord, so that it may be above the waistband of the ephod, and so that the breastpiece will not be loose from the ephod. 29 Aaron will bear the names of the sons of Israel in the breastpiece of decision over his heart when he goes into the Holy Place, for a memorial before the Lord continually. 30 “You are to put the Urim and the Thummim⁠ into the breastpiece of decision;⁠ and they are to be over Aaron’s heart when he goes in before the Lord. Aaron is to bear the decisions of the Israelites over his heart before the Lord continually. 31 “You are to make the robe of the ephod completely blue. 32 There is to be an opening in its top in the center of it, with an edge all around the opening, the work of a weaver, like the opening of a collar, so that it cannot be torn. 33 You are to make pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet all around its hem and bells of gold between them all around.⁠ 34 The pattern is to be a gold bell and a pomegranate, a gold bell and a pomegranate, all around the hem of the robe. 35 The robe is to be on Aaron as he ministers, and his sound will be heard when he enters the Holy Place before the Lord and when he leaves, so that he does not die.⁠ 36 “You are to make a plate of pure gold and engrave on it the way a seal is engraved: ‘Holiness to the Lord.’ 37 You are to attach to it a blue cord so that it will be on the turban; it is to be on the front of the turban. 38 It will be on Aaron’s forehead, and Aaron will bear the iniquity of the holy things, which the Israelites are to sanctify by all their holy gifts; it will always be on his forehead, for their acceptance before the Lord. 39 You are to weave the tunic of fine linen and make the turban of fine linen, and make the sash the work of an embroiderer. 40 “For Aaron’s sons you are to make tunics, sashes, and headbands for glory and for beauty. 41 “You are to clothe them—your brother Aaron and his sons with him—and anoint them and ordain them and set them apart as holy, so that they may minister as my priests. 42 Make for them linen undergarments to cover their naked bodies; they must cover from the waist to the thighs. 43 These must be on Aaron and his sons when they enter the tent of meeting, or when they approach the altar to minister in the Holy Place, so that they bear no iniquity and die. It is to be a perpetual ordinance for him and for his descendants after him.

Texts in conversation

Compare Book of Opening the Mouth 4:2 and Exodus 28:2

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

Partway through the Egyptian Opening of the Mouth ritual, the Sem priest takes off his qena garment and puts on a panther skin for the rest of the rite. Exodus 28 likewise has special holy garments made for Aaron to wear when he serves before God.

Passages

Book of Opening the Mouth 4:2

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Opening of the Mouth Ritual
And the Kher heb shall say: “Pass on, and look upon the father.” Then shall the Sem take off the qena garment, and lay down the staff, and array himself in a panther’s skin. [And the Sem] shall say: “I have delivered this my Eye from his mouth; I have cut off the khepesh (i.e., leg, or thigh).”
1290–1279 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Book of Opening the Mouth

Exodus 28:2

Hebrew Bible
1 “And you, bring near to you your brother Aaron and his sons with him from among the Israelites, so that they may minister as my priests—Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, Aaron’s sons. 2 You must make holy garments for your brother Aaron, for glory and for beauty. 3 You are to speak to all who are specially skilled, whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, so that they may make Aaron’s garments to set him apart to minister as my priest. 4 Now these are the garments that they are to make: a breastpiece, an ephod, a robe, a fitted tunic, a turban, and a sash. They are to make holy garments for your brother Aaron and for his sons, that they may minister as my priests. 5 The artisans are to use the gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

References

“... The ritual was performed by a distinctive group of officiants. The primary participant in the Egyptian ritual was held foremost by the sm-priest under the direction of the ẖry-ḥbt, or “ritualist.” Throughout the ceremony, the sm-priest repeatedly puts on and takes off the qnỉ garment and in its stead dons the skin of a panther, ba. At no point throughout the ceremony is he not wearing one of the special articles of clothing. [...] The qdš extended to the garb. The clothing is labeled bigĕdê-qōdeš from the beginning of the prescriptions, 28:2, 4. Its sanctity is further confirmed by prescriptions to remove the dress when leaving the sacred space, Lev 6:3–4. Reason for the regulation may also be found in Ezek 42:14 and 44:19, kî qōdeš hēnnah. In its stead, other garments are donned. The putting-on and putting-off of the garb underscores the transformative function of the ancient dress. When donned, its wearers clad in the very garments of the tabernacle and ritually attributed qdš, could approach the deity. Without the garb and accompanying ritual, a meeting with the deity could not occur. [...] The Egyptian rite confirmed the perception that dress not only identifies and empowers but may transform, through ritual and incantation, its wearer into the divine. [...] While the Egyptian rite symbolically expressed a complete transformation of the priest as a deity for a portion of the rite, the attestation provides a backdrop for the biblical perception that, through ritual, garb effectively may transform its wearer as divine. ...”
Nancy L. Erickson, “Donning the Right Garb: The Egyptian Ritual of ‘Opening the Mouth’ and the Biblical Regulations in Exodus 28–29,” in Windows to the Ancient World of the Hebrew Bible: Essays in Honor of Samuel Greengus, ed. Bill T. Arnold, Nancy L. Erickson, and John H. Walton (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2014), 85–86, 92–93.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Book of Opening the Mouth 4:2 and Exodus 28:2

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library