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Exodus

About this book

The Covenant Commandments

Chapter 21

1 “These are the ordinances that you will set before them: 2 “If you buy a Hebrew servant, he is to serve you for six years, but in the seventh year he will go out free without paying anything.⁠ 3 If he came in by himself he will go out by himself; if he had a wife when he came in, then his wife will go out with him. 4 If his master gave him a wife, and she bore sons or daughters, the wife and the children will belong to her master, and he will go out by himself. 5 But if the servant should declare, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free,’ 6 then his master must bring him to the gods13,⁠ and he will bring him to the door or the doorpost, and his master will pierce his ear with an awl, and he shall serve him forever.⁠ 7 “If a man sells his daughter as a female servant, she will not go out as the male servants do. 8 If she does not please her master, who has designated her for himself, then he must let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to a foreign nation, because he has dealt deceitfully with her. 9 If he designated her for his son, then he will deal with her according to the customary rights of daughters. 10 If he takes another wife, he must not diminish the first one’s food, her clothing, or her marital rights.⁠ 11 If he does not provide her with these three things, then she will go out free, without paying money. 12 “Whoever strikes someone so that he dies must surely be put to death. 13 But if he does not do it with premeditation, but it happens by accident, then I will appoint for you a place where he may flee.⁠ 14 But if a man willfully attacks his neighbor to kill him cunningly, you will take him even from my altar that he may die. 15 “Whoever strikes his father or his mother must surely be put to death.⁠ 16 “Whoever kidnaps someone and sells him, or is caught still holding him, must surely be put to death.⁠ 17 “Whoever treats his father or his mother disgracefully must surely be put to death.⁠ 18 “If men fight, and one strikes his neighbor with a stone or with his fist and he does not die, but must remain in bed, 19 and then if he gets up and walks about outside on his staff, then the one who struck him is innocent, except he must pay for the injured person’s loss of time and see to it that he is fully healed.⁠ 20 “If a man strikes his male servant or his female servant with a staff so that he or she dies as a result of the blow, he will surely be punished.⁠ 21 However, if the injured servant survives one or two days, the owner will not be punished, for he has suffered the loss. 22 “If men fight and hit a pregnant woman and her child is born prematurely, but there is no serious injury,⁠ the one who hit her will surely be punished in accordance with what the woman’s husband demands of him, and he will pay what the court decides.⁠ 23 But if there is serious injury, then you will give a life for a life,⁠ 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth,⁠ hand for hand, foot for foot,⁠ 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise. 26 “If a man strikes the eye of his male servant or his female servant so that he destroys it, he will let the servant go free as compensation for the eye.⁠ 27 If he knocks out the tooth of his male servant or his female servant, he will let the servant go free as compensation for the tooth. 28 “If an ox gores a man or a woman so that either dies, then the ox must surely be stoned and its flesh must not be eaten,⁠ but the owner of the ox will be acquitted.⁠ 29 But if the ox had the habit of goring,⁠ and its owner was warned but he did not take the necessary precautions, and then it killed a man or a woman, the ox must be stoned and the man must be put to death.⁠ 30 If a ransom is set for him, then he must pay the redemption for his life according to whatever amount was set for him. 31 If the ox gores a son or a daughter, the owner will be dealt with according to this rule. 32 If the ox gores a male servant or a female servant, the owner must pay thirty shekels of silver, and the ox must be stoned. 33 “If a man opens a pit or if a man digs a pit and does not cover it and an ox or a donkey falls into it,⁠ 34 the owner of the pit must repay the loss. He must give money to its owner, and the dead animal will become his. 35 If the ox of one man injures the ox of his neighbor so that it dies, then they will sell the live ox and divide its proceeds, and they will also divide the dead ox. 36 Or if it is known that the ox had the habit of goring, and its owner did not take the necessary precautions, he must surely pay ox for ox, and the dead animal will become his.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 21:2 and Deuteronomy 15:12

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Exodus and Deuteronomy both require freeing a Hebrew servant after six years. Deuteronomy adds that the owner must not send the servant away empty-handed, and gives a reason Exodus does not, that Israel was once enslaved in Egypt.

Passages

Exodus 21:2

Hebrew Bible
1 “These are the ordinances that you will set before them: 2 “If you buy a Hebrew servant, he is to serve you for six years, but in the seventh year he will go out free without paying anything. 3 If he came in by himself he will go out by himself; if he had a wife when he came in, then his wife will go out with him. 4 If his master gave him a wife, and she bore sons or daughters, the wife and the children will belong to her master, and he will go out by himself.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Deuteronomy 15:12

Hebrew Bible
11 There will never cease to be some poor people in the land; therefore, I am commanding you to make sure you open your hand to your fellow Israelites who are needy and poor in your land. 12 If your fellow Hebrew—whether male or female—is sold to you and serves you for six years, then in the seventh year you must let that servant go free. 13 If you set them free, you must not send them away empty-handed. 14 You must supply them generously from your flock, your threshing floor, and your winepress—as the Lord your God has blessed you, you must give to them. 15 Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt and the Lord your God redeemed you; therefore, I am commanding you to do this thing today.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

References

"... It is readily apparent that Exodus 21:2–11 is taken up and reinterpreted in Deuteronomy 15:12–18. Both texts deal with the release of slaves after six years, which is the statute in both (Exodus 21:2 and Deuteronomy 15:12). But the ordinance in the Covenant Code is transformed from various perspectives in Deuteronomy. To begin with, it is conspicuous that the freed slave in Exodus 21 goes out empty-handed, while Deuteronomy 15 stipulates that he must be furnished with certain provisions. Why? Evidently in order that the freed slave did not immediately fall back into debt slavery, he needed an amount of seed money from which to build up his own livelihood. This aspect also determines the different formulation of the way one becomes a slave in Exodus 21:2 and Deuteronomy 15:12. While in Exodus 21:2–11 the “purchase” of a slave appears to take place following a typical process, the form of expression in Deuteronomy 15:12–18 (“When your brother . . . sells himself to you”) clearly indicates that the situation of debt slavery describes a state of emergency. Slavery is not a permanent institution. It is rather a necessary, but limited and temporary evil. According to Deuteronomy 15:12–18, slaves are viewed as potentially free people, while for Exodus 21:2–11 they are members of one class of people among others. ..."
Konrad Schmid, Is There Theology in the Hebrew Bible?, CSHB 4 (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2015), 78–79.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 21:2 and Deuteronomy 15:12

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