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Exodus

About this book

Israel Arrives at Sinai

Chapter 19

1 In the third month after the Israelites went out from the land of Egypt, on the very day, they came to the desert of Sinai.⁠ 2 After they journeyed from Rephidim, they came to the desert of Sinai, and they camped in the desert; Israel camped there in front of the mountain. 3 Moses went up to God, and the Lord called to him from the mountain,⁠ “Thus you will tell the house of Jacob, and declare to the people of Israel: 4 ‘You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt and how I lifted you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself.⁠ 5 And now, if you will diligently listen to me and keep my covenant, then you will be my special possession out of all the nations,⁠ for all the earth is mine,⁠ 6 and you will be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’⁠ These are the words that you will speak to the Israelites.” 7 So Moses came and summoned the elders of Israel. He set before them all these words that the Lord had commanded him, 8 and all the people answered together, “All that the Lord has commanded we will do!” So Moses brought the words of the people back to the Lord. 9 The Lord said to Moses, “I am going to come to you in a dense cloud, so that the people may hear when I speak with you and so that they will always believe in you.” And Moses told the words of the people to the Lord. 10 The Lord said to Moses, “Go to the people and sanctify them today and tomorrow, and make them wash their clothes 11 and be ready for the third day, for on the third day the Lord will come down on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people.⁠ 12 You must set boundaries for the people all around, saying, ‘Take heed to yourselves not to go up on the mountain nor touch its edge. Whoever touches the mountain will surely be put to death!⁠ 13 No hand will touch him—but he will surely be stoned or shot through, whether a beast or a human being; he must not live.’ When the ram’s horn sounds a long blast they may go up on the mountain.” 14 Then Moses went down from the mountain to the people and sanctified the people, and they washed their clothes. 15 He said to the people, “Be ready for the third day. Do not approach your wives for marital relations.” 16 On the third day in the morning there was thunder and lightning and a dense cloud on the mountain,⁠ and the sound of a very loud horn; all the people who were in the camp trembled.⁠ 17 Moses brought the people out of the camp to meet God,⁠ and they took their place at the foot of the mountain. 18 Now Mount Sinai was completely covered with smoke because the Lord had descended on it in fire,⁠ and its smoke went up like the smoke of a great furnace, and the whole mountain shook violently.⁠ 19 When the sound of the horn grew louder and louder, Moses was speaking and God was answering him with a voice.⁠ 20 The Lord came down on Mount Sinai, on the top of the mountain,⁠ and the Lord summoned Moses to the top of the mountain, and Moses went up. 21 The Lord said to Moses, “Go down and solemnly warn the people, lest they force their way through to the Lord to look, and many of them perish. 22 Let the priests also, who approach the Lord, sanctify themselves, lest the Lord break through against them.” 23 Moses said to the Lord, “The people are not able to come up to Mount Sinai, because you solemnly warned us, ‘Set boundaries for the mountain and set it apart.’” 24 The Lord said to him, “Go, get down, and then come up, and Aaron with you,⁠ but do not let the priests and the people force their way through to come up to the Lord, lest he break through against them.” 25 So Moses went down to the people and spoke to them.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 19:6 and Revelation 5:10

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Revelation’s description of the people formed into a kingdom and priests repeats the covenant language of Exodus, where Israel is called a priestly nation at Sinai. Revelation reshapes this to describe not just one nation but a global community.

Passages

Exodus 19:6

Hebrew Bible
1 In the third month after the Israelites went out from the land of Egypt, on the very day, they came to the desert of Sinai. 2 After they journeyed from Rephidim, they came to the desert of Sinai, and they camped in the desert; Israel camped there in front of the mountain. 3 Moses went up to God, and the Lord called to him from the mountain, “Thus you will tell the house of Jacob, and declare to the people of Israel: 4 ‘You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt and how I lifted you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself. 5 And now, if you will diligently listen to me and keep my covenant, then you will be my special possession out of all the nations, for all the earth is mine, 6 and you will be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’ These are the words that you will speak to the Israelites.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Revelation 5:10

New Testament
8 and when he had taken the scroll, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders threw themselves to the ground before the Lamb. Each of them had a harp and golden bowls full of incense (which are the prayers of the saints). 9 They were singing a new song: “You are worthy to take the scroll and to open its seals because you were killed, and at the cost of your own blood you have purchased for God persons from every tribe, language, people, and nation. 10 You have appointed them as a kingdom and priests to serve our God, and they will reign on the earth.” 11 Then I looked and heard the voice of many angels in a circle around the throne, as well as the living creatures and the elders. Their number was ten thousand times ten thousand—thousands times thousands— 12 all of whom were singing in a loud voice: “Worthy is the lamb who was killed to receive power and wealth and wisdom and might and honor and glory and praise!”
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

References

"... In Revelation 5:9-10, where the list first occurs in Revelation, John is interpreting Exodus 19:5-6, the well-known statement of the Sinai covenant constituting Israel God's chosen people. In Revelation this statement is applied to the church as the eschatological people of God, the people of the new Exodus, who have been redeemed by the blood of Christ, the eschatological Passover Lamb. The reference to Exodus 19:6 ('you shall be for me a priestly kingdom') in Revelation 5:10 ('you have made them a kingdom and priests to our God') is clear. Less often noticed is that 5:9 alludes to Exodus 19:5: 'you shall be my treasured possession out of all the peoples'. Instead of taking 'out of all the peoples' to mean that God has chosen one of the peoples, John has taken it to mean that members have been drawn from all nations to constitute the church: 'by your blood you have purchased for God [people] from every tribe and language and people and nation'. This is a grammatically quite legitimate interpretation of Exodus 19:5, which John must have thought now yielded its full meaning for the first time in the light of the international character of the New Testament people of God ..."
Richard Bauckham, The Climax of Prophecy: Studies on the Book of Revelation (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1993), 327.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 19:6 and Revelation 5:10

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