Go to Related Reading
About this book

Exodus

About this book

Israel Arrives at Sinai

Chapter 19

1 In the third month after the Israelites went out from the land of Egypt, on the very day, they came to the desert of Sinai.⁠ 2 After they journeyed from Rephidim, they came to the desert of Sinai, and they camped in the desert; Israel camped there in front of the mountain. 3 Moses went up to God, and the Lord called to him from the mountain,⁠ “Thus you will tell the house of Jacob, and declare to the people of Israel: 4 ‘You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt and how I lifted you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself.⁠ 5 And now, if you will diligently listen to me and keep my covenant, then you will be my special possession out of all the nations,⁠ for all the earth is mine,⁠ 6 and you will be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’⁠ These are the words that you will speak to the Israelites.” 7 So Moses came and summoned the elders of Israel. He set before them all these words that the Lord had commanded him, 8 and all the people answered together, “All that the Lord has commanded we will do!” So Moses brought the words of the people back to the Lord. 9 The Lord said to Moses, “I am going to come to you in a dense cloud, so that the people may hear when I speak with you and so that they will always believe in you.” And Moses told the words of the people to the Lord. 10 The Lord said to Moses, “Go to the people and sanctify them today and tomorrow, and make them wash their clothes 11 and be ready for the third day, for on the third day the Lord will come down on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people.⁠ 12 You must set boundaries for the people all around, saying, ‘Take heed to yourselves not to go up on the mountain nor touch its edge. Whoever touches the mountain will surely be put to death!⁠ 13 No hand will touch him—but he will surely be stoned or shot through, whether a beast or a human being; he must not live.’ When the ram’s horn sounds a long blast they may go up on the mountain.” 14 Then Moses went down from the mountain to the people and sanctified the people, and they washed their clothes. 15 He said to the people, “Be ready for the third day. Do not approach your wives for marital relations.” 16 On the third day in the morning there was thunder and lightning and a dense cloud on the mountain,⁠ and the sound of a very loud horn; all the people who were in the camp trembled.⁠ 17 Moses brought the people out of the camp to meet God,⁠ and they took their place at the foot of the mountain. 18 Now Mount Sinai was completely covered with smoke because the Lord had descended on it in fire,⁠ and its smoke went up like the smoke of a great furnace, and the whole mountain shook violently.⁠ 19 When the sound of the horn grew louder and louder, Moses was speaking and God was answering him with a voice.⁠ 20 The Lord came down on Mount Sinai, on the top of the mountain,⁠ and the Lord summoned Moses to the top of the mountain, and Moses went up. 21 The Lord said to Moses, “Go down and solemnly warn the people, lest they force their way through to the Lord to look, and many of them perish. 22 Let the priests also, who approach the Lord, sanctify themselves, lest the Lord break through against them.” 23 Moses said to the Lord, “The people are not able to come up to Mount Sinai, because you solemnly warned us, ‘Set boundaries for the mountain and set it apart.’” 24 The Lord said to him, “Go, get down, and then come up, and Aaron with you,⁠ but do not let the priests and the people force their way through to come up to the Lord, lest he break through against them.” 25 So Moses went down to the people and spoke to them.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 19:6 and Numbers 16:3

Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

Exodus says Israel is a kingdom of priests and a holy nation, with the entire community set apart. Numbers records Korah’s challenge, where he and his followers claim that everyone is holy and use that to question the special status of Moses and Aaron.

Passages

Exodus 19:6

Hebrew Bible
4 ‘You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt and how I lifted you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself. 5 And now, if you will diligently listen to me and keep my covenant, then you will be my special possession out of all the nations, for all the earth is mine, 6 and you will be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’ These are the words that you will speak to the Israelites.” 7 So Moses came and summoned the elders of Israel. He set before them all these words that the Lord had commanded him, 8 and all the people answered together, “All that the Lord has commanded we will do!” So Moses brought the words of the people back to the Lord.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Numbers 16:3

Hebrew Bible
1 Now Korah son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, and Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, and On son of Peleth, who were Reubenites, took men 2 and rebelled against Moses, along with some of the Israelites, 250 leaders of the community, chosen from the assembly, famous men. 3 And they assembled against Moses and Aaron, saying to them, “You take too much upon yourselves, seeing that the whole community is holy, every one of them, and the Lord is among them. Why then do you exalt yourselves above the community of the Lord?” 4 When Moses heard it he fell down with his face to the ground. 5 Then he said to Korah and to all his company, “In the morning the Lord will make known who are his, and who is holy. He will cause that person to approach him; the person he has chosen he will cause to approach him.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

References

"... Here, therefore, right at the outset, we must differentiate between two possible applications of 'kingdom of priests:' it can serve as a slogan for setting the Jews above the Gentiles (or for the former's 'mission' vis a vis the latter), but it can also be used to militate against the notion that, within the Jewish people, some (Aaronites) are more priestly than others. Thus, even if Isaiah 61:6 reflects Exodus 19:6, it does not supply any support for the inner-Jewish application of the verse - which is the one so often ascribed to the Pharisees and the rabbis.' The idea of a common priesthood of all Israelites is clearly stated in another verse (although without echoing Exodus 19:6): 'For the whole congregation is holy and God is in their midst, so why do you [Moses and Aaron, Levite and priest] hold yourselves above the community of God?' (Numbers 16:3). True, there is no claim of common priesthood, but only of common holiness, but from Moses' answer (verse 10) it becomes clear that there was also a demand for priesthood; the same follows also from the end of the story (17:5). But with all due respect to some scholars to be cited in Part II, the Korah story could not possibly serve as a support for any Jew in the Second Temple period who wished to demand that all Jews be considered priests,' for the biblical story clearly and totally condemns the demand ..."
Daniel R. Schwartz, Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity, WUNT 60 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1992), 58.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Exodus 19:6 and Numbers 16:3

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library