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Exodus

About this book

Israel Arrives at Sinai

Chapter 19

1 In the third month after the Israelites went out from the land of Egypt, on the very day, they came to the desert of Sinai.⁠ 2 After they journeyed from Rephidim, they came to the desert of Sinai, and they camped in the desert; Israel camped there in front of the mountain. 3 Moses went up to God, and the Lord called to him from the mountain,⁠ “Thus you will tell the house of Jacob, and declare to the people of Israel: 4 ‘You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt and how I lifted you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself.⁠ 5 And now, if you will diligently listen to me and keep my covenant, then you will be my special possession out of all the nations,⁠ for all the earth is mine,⁠ 6 and you will be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’⁠ These are the words that you will speak to the Israelites.” 7 So Moses came and summoned the elders of Israel. He set before them all these words that the Lord had commanded him, 8 and all the people answered together, “All that the Lord has commanded we will do!” So Moses brought the words of the people back to the Lord. 9 The Lord said to Moses, “I am going to come to you in a dense cloud, so that the people may hear when I speak with you and so that they will always believe in you.” And Moses told the words of the people to the Lord. 10 The Lord said to Moses, “Go to the people and sanctify them today and tomorrow, and make them wash their clothes 11 and be ready for the third day, for on the third day the Lord will come down on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people.⁠ 12 You must set boundaries for the people all around, saying, ‘Take heed to yourselves not to go up on the mountain nor touch its edge. Whoever touches the mountain will surely be put to death!⁠ 13 No hand will touch him—but he will surely be stoned or shot through, whether a beast or a human being; he must not live.’ When the ram’s horn sounds a long blast they may go up on the mountain.” 14 Then Moses went down from the mountain to the people and sanctified the people, and they washed their clothes. 15 He said to the people, “Be ready for the third day. Do not approach your wives for marital relations.” 16 On the third day in the morning there was thunder and lightning and a dense cloud on the mountain,⁠ and the sound of a very loud horn; all the people who were in the camp trembled.⁠ 17 Moses brought the people out of the camp to meet God,⁠ and they took their place at the foot of the mountain. 18 Now Mount Sinai was completely covered with smoke because the Lord had descended on it in fire,⁠ and its smoke went up like the smoke of a great furnace, and the whole mountain shook violently.⁠ 19 When the sound of the horn grew louder and louder, Moses was speaking and God was answering him with a voice.⁠ 20 The Lord came down on Mount Sinai, on the top of the mountain,⁠ and the Lord summoned Moses to the top of the mountain, and Moses went up. 21 The Lord said to Moses, “Go down and solemnly warn the people, lest they force their way through to the Lord to look, and many of them perish. 22 Let the priests also, who approach the Lord, sanctify themselves, lest the Lord break through against them.” 23 Moses said to the Lord, “The people are not able to come up to Mount Sinai, because you solemnly warned us, ‘Set boundaries for the mountain and set it apart.’” 24 The Lord said to him, “Go, get down, and then come up, and Aaron with you,⁠ but do not let the priests and the people force their way through to come up to the Lord, lest he break through against them.” 25 So Moses went down to the people and spoke to them.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 19:24 and Exodus 24:1 and Exodus 34:3

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Exodus gives several versions of Moses going up Sinai, and they disagree about who joins him. One names Aaron but leaves him behind, another bans everyone else, and a third includes others. The differences point to later editors editing separate stories.

Passages

Exodus 19:24

Hebrew Bible
23 Moses said to the Lord, “The people are not able to come up to Mount Sinai, because you solemnly warned us, ‘Set boundaries for the mountain and set it apart.’” 24 The Lord said to him, “Go, get down, and then come up, and Aaron with you, but do not let the priests and the people force their way through to come up to the Lord, lest he break through against them.” 25 So Moses went down to the people and spoke to them.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Exodus 24:1

Hebrew Bible
1 But to Moses the Lord said, “Come up to the Lord, you and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel, and worship from a distance. 2 Moses alone may come near the Lord, but the others must not come near, nor may the people go up with him.” 3 Moses came and told the people all the Lord’s words and all the decisions. All the people answered together, “We are willing to do all the words that the Lord has said,”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Exodus 34:3

Hebrew Bible
1 The Lord said to Moses, “Cut out two tablets of stone like the first, and I will write on the tablets the words that were on the first tablets, which you smashed. 2 Be prepared in the morning, and go up in the morning to Mount Sinai, and station yourself for me there on the top of the mountain. 3 No one is to come up with you; do not let anyone be seen anywhere on the mountain; not even the flocks or the herds may graze in front of that mountain.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

References

"... Exodus 19:24 ... The command that Aaron is to go up together with Moses is unexpected here in J. Aaron has never been mentioned up to this point in J. In fact, Aaron is never mentioned at all in J outside of this verse. Moreover, Aaron does not in fact go up with Moses in J. The next time that Moses goes up the mountain in J, God tells him, “No man shall go up with you” (Exodus 34:3). It is rather in E that Aaron (and others) will go up with Moses (Exodus 24:1). Therefore, it appears that a redactor has added here in order to deal with the fact that Moses’ ascent in E along with Aaron and other persons is now inserted before the J account of an ascent that Moses makes alone in Exodus 34. The redactor who made this addition could be either R or RJE ..."
Richard Elliott Friedman, The Bible with Sources Revealed: A New View into the Five Books of Moses (New York: HarperOne, 2005), 152–153.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 19:24 and Exodus 24:1 and Exodus 34:3

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