Go to Related Reading
About this book

Exodus

About this book

Israel Arrives at Sinai

Chapter 19

1 In the third month after the Israelites went out from the land of Egypt, on the very day, they came to the desert of Sinai.⁠ 2 After they journeyed from Rephidim, they came to the desert of Sinai, and they camped in the desert; Israel camped there in front of the mountain. 3 Moses went up to God, and the Lord called to him from the mountain,⁠ “Thus you will tell the house of Jacob, and declare to the people of Israel: 4 ‘You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt and how I lifted you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself.⁠ 5 And now, if you will diligently listen to me and keep my covenant, then you will be my special possession out of all the nations,⁠ for all the earth is mine,⁠ 6 and you will be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’⁠ These are the words that you will speak to the Israelites.” 7 So Moses came and summoned the elders of Israel. He set before them all these words that the Lord had commanded him, 8 and all the people answered together, “All that the Lord has commanded we will do!” So Moses brought the words of the people back to the Lord. 9 The Lord said to Moses, “I am going to come to you in a dense cloud, so that the people may hear when I speak with you and so that they will always believe in you.” And Moses told the words of the people to the Lord. 10 The Lord said to Moses, “Go to the people and sanctify them today and tomorrow, and make them wash their clothes 11 and be ready for the third day, for on the third day the Lord will come down on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people.⁠ 12 You must set boundaries for the people all around, saying, ‘Take heed to yourselves not to go up on the mountain nor touch its edge. Whoever touches the mountain will surely be put to death!⁠ 13 No hand will touch him—but he will surely be stoned or shot through, whether a beast or a human being; he must not live.’ When the ram’s horn sounds a long blast they may go up on the mountain.” 14 Then Moses went down from the mountain to the people and sanctified the people, and they washed their clothes. 15 He said to the people, “Be ready for the third day. Do not approach your wives for marital relations.” 16 On the third day in the morning there was thunder and lightning and a dense cloud on the mountain,⁠ and the sound of a very loud horn; all the people who were in the camp trembled.⁠ 17 Moses brought the people out of the camp to meet God,⁠ and they took their place at the foot of the mountain. 18 Now Mount Sinai was completely covered with smoke because the Lord had descended on it in fire,⁠ and its smoke went up like the smoke of a great furnace, and the whole mountain shook violently.⁠ 19 When the sound of the horn grew louder and louder, Moses was speaking and God was answering him with a voice.⁠ 20 The Lord came down on Mount Sinai, on the top of the mountain,⁠ and the Lord summoned Moses to the top of the mountain, and Moses went up. 21 The Lord said to Moses, “Go down and solemnly warn the people, lest they force their way through to the Lord to look, and many of them perish. 22 Let the priests also, who approach the Lord, sanctify themselves, lest the Lord break through against them.” 23 Moses said to the Lord, “The people are not able to come up to Mount Sinai, because you solemnly warned us, ‘Set boundaries for the mountain and set it apart.’” 24 The Lord said to him, “Go, get down, and then come up, and Aaron with you,⁠ but do not let the priests and the people force their way through to come up to the Lord, lest he break through against them.” 25 So Moses went down to the people and spoke to them.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 19:12 and Hebrews 12:20

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

Share:

Summary

Hebrews 12 adapts Exodus 19, where the Israelites are warned not to touch Mount Sinai during God's descent. The writer condenses and reshapes its meaning, contrasting the distance and fear of that moment with now being able to freely approach God.

Passages

Exodus 19:12

Hebrew Bible
10 The Lord said to Moses, “Go to the people and sanctify them today and tomorrow, and make them wash their clothes 11 and be ready for the third day, for on the third day the Lord will come down on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people. 12 You must set boundaries for the people all around, saying, ‘Take heed to yourselves not to go up on the mountain nor touch its edge. Whoever touches the mountain will surely be put to death! 13 No hand will touch him—but he will surely be stoned or shot through, whether a beast or a human being; he must not live.’ When the ram’s horn sounds a long blast they may go up on the mountain.” 14 Then Moses went down from the mountain to the people and sanctified the people, and they washed their clothes.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Hebrews 12:20

New Testament
18 For you have not come to something that can be touched, to a burning fire and darkness and gloom and a whirlwind 19 and the blast of a trumpet and a voice uttering words such that those who heard begged to hear no more. 20 For they could not bear what was commanded: “If even an animal touches the mountain, it must be stoned.” 21 In fact, the scene was so terrifying that Moses said, “I shudder with fear.” 22 But you have come to Mount Zion, the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to myriads of angels, to the assembly 23 and congregation of the firstborn, who are enrolled in heaven, and to God, the judge of all, and to the spirits of the righteous, who have been made perfect,
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hebrews

References

"... There are only two citations, or quotations, of Exodus in Hebrews that scholars agree upon: Exodus 25:40 in Hebrews 8:5 and of Exodus 24:8 in 9:20. In Hebrews 12:20 we find what I describe as a condensed paraphrase of Exodus 19:12-13, where a longer portion of text is condensed with close verbal similarity preserved and, for that reason, there is no debate as to whether Hebrews 12:20 references Exodus 19:12-13. There are many instances, however, in which Hebrews alludes to Exodus and, in those cases, Hays’ criteria are most relevant. Some of the most significant allusions I (and others) identify, for instance, include the “word spoken through angels” in 2:2 (angels at Sinai), the wilderness generation (thematic allusions) and the promise of rest (Exodus 33:14) in Hebrews 3-4. The reference to God’s rest after creation in relation to the Sabbath command in 4:4 may allude to Genesis but it may also (or instead) allude to the Decalogue in Exodus and/or Exodus 31:17. Hebrews 5:1, 4 allude to the call of Aaron from among the people to be a priest (Exodus 28:1) and Hebrews dialogues with the concept of Aarons’ perpetual priestly line throughout Hebrews 5-7, as well. A detailed description of the wilderness tabernacle in Heb 9 alludes very specifically to Exodus and references to both covenant and atoning rituals in Hebrews can easily be understood as alluding to Exodus and/or Leviticus ..."
Scott Ronald Moore, “A Conviction of Texts Not Seen: Perceiving Exodus as the Generative Text of Hebrews” (diss., University of Denver, 2017), 69–70.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Exodus 19:12 and Hebrews 12:20

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library