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Barnabas

Epistle of Barnabas

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Circumcision of the Heart and Ears

Chapter 9

1 Furthermore, He speaks about the ears: that it is our heart which He has circumcised. The Lord says through the prophet: ‘With the hearing of the ears, they listened to Me.’ And again: ‘Those who are far away will hear with their ears and understand what I have done.’ And: ‘Be circumcised in your hearts,’ says the Lord. 2 And again He says: ‘Listen, Israel, for this is what the Lord your God says. Whoever wants to live forever, let them hear with their ears the voice of My servant.’ And again He says: ‘Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth, for the Lord has spoken these things as a testimony.’ And again He says: ‘Hear the words of the Lord, you rulers of this people.’ And again He says: ‘Hear, My children, the voice of one crying out in the wilderness.’ So He has circumcised our ears so that, hearing the word, we might believe. 3 Moreover, the circumcision in which they trust has been abolished, for He said there must be a circumcision of the heart rather than of the flesh. But they violated this because a wicked angel taught them trickery.⁠ 4 He says to them: ‘This is what the Lord your God says (this is the command I discover): Sow not among thorns; be circumcised to the Lord.’ And what does He say? ‘Be circumcised in the hardness of your hearts, and then do not stiffen your necks.’ Take this further: ‘Look,’ says the Lord, ‘all the nations are uncircumcised in the flesh, but this people is uncircumcised in their hearts.’ 5 But you might say, ‘Surely the people have been circumcised as a seal.’ No, but all Syrians and Arabians and all the priests of idols are also circumcised. Are they all part of their covenant? Furthermore, the Egyptians are included among the circumcised. 6 Therefore learn, beloved children, fully about all things. Abraham, who first established circumcision, looked ahead in spirit to Jesus when he circumcised, having received the ordinances of three letters.⁠ 7 For Scripture says: ‘And Abraham circumcised eighteen males and three hundred in his household.’ What knowledge was given to him? Notice that it first mentions eighteen, and then, after a pause, three hundred. In the eighteen, ‘I’ stands for ten and ‘H’ for eight; here you have JESUS (ΙΗ). And because the cross, in the ‘T’ (Τ), was going to have grace, it also says three hundred. So He reveals Jesus in the two letters, and in the remaining one, the cross. 8 He who put within us the innate gift of His covenant knows this. No one has learned a more genuine word from me than this, but I know that you are worthy.

Texts in conversation

Compare Epistle of Barnabas 9:6 and Gospel of Philip 11:83

Early Christian · Nag Hammadi

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Summary

The Epistle of Barnabas and the Gospel of Philip connect Abraham's circumcision with a vision. Barnabas finds Jesus in the numbers of Abraham's household. Philip makes cutting away flesh a lesson for its readers, giving the same act different purposes.

Passages

Epistle of Barnabas 9:6

Early Christian · Epistle of Barnabas
6 Therefore learn, beloved children, fully about all things. Abraham, who first established circumcision, looked ahead in spirit to Jesus when he circumcised, having received the ordinances of three letters. 7 For Scripture says: ‘And Abraham circumcised eighteen males and three hundred in his household.’ What knowledge was given to him? Notice that it first mentions eighteen, and then, after a pause, three hundred. In the eighteen, ‘I’ stands for ten and ‘H’ for eight; here you have JESUS (ΙΗ). And because the cross, in the ‘T’ (Τ), was going to have grace, it also says three hundred. So He reveals Jesus in the two letters, and in the remaining one, the cross. 8 He who put within us the innate gift of His covenant knows this. No one has learned a more genuine word from me than this, but I know that you are worthy.
70–135 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Barnabas

Gospel of Philip 11:83

Nag Hammadi
She must be seen only by her father, and her mother, and the friend of the bridegroom, and the sons of the bridegroom. These are the ones who are allowed to enter the bridal chamber on a daily basis. However, the others are allowed only to desire to hear her voice and to relish her ointment. They are also allowed to feed on the crumbs that fall from the table, like dogs. Bridegrooms and brides belong in the bridal chamber. No one can see the bridegroom together with the bride unless [he become] these. When Abraham [...] for him to see what he was to see, [he] circumcised the flesh of his foreskin, [instructing] us that we must destroy the flesh.
180–250 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Gospel of Philip

References

“... The minimal amount of verbal overlap indicates that Abraham (possibly) reacted to something that he would see, but the lacuna in 82.27 limits the certainty of this parallel with John 8:56. It is also unclear what Abraham ‘would see.’ According to John 8:56, he saw Jesus’ day, and this ‘day’ likely refers to the ‘last day’ when Jesus will raise up those who: are given to him by the Father; believe in him; are drawn by the Father; and eat his flesh and drink his blood (John 6:39, 40, 44, 54). In seeing this day, Abraham anticipated the resurrection and did not see death (John 8:51).45 Since the Gos. Phil. is concerned with the present resurrection, perhaps the author wanted to emphasize that Abraham experienced the resurrection in seeing ‘that which he would see,’ and in response, cirumcised his flesh. This response aligns with the previous discussion of the resurrection and flesh (§23b), where the readers are to unclothe themselves of the flesh (56.26–34), as well as the exhortation to not fear or love the flesh (66.4–6), and to acquire the resurrection in this world and strip off the flesh (66.18– 19). Ep. Barn. also connects Abraham’s vision with his cirucmcision: ‘Learn then, my children, concerning all things richly, that Abraham, the first who enjoined circumcision, looking forward in spirit to Jesus, practiced that rite, having received the mysteries of the three letters’ (Ep. Barn. 9.7). It is difficult to prove that the Ep. Barn. was influenced by the FG, but we can be more confident with the Gos. Phil. There is a minimal amount of verbal overlap, and much depends on the reconstruction of the lacuna and interpretation of this passage, but the probable influence of John 8:32, 34 (§§110a and 123d) suggests that the influence of John 8:56 is plausible. Therefore, the author may haved interpreted this passage to mean that Abraham saw Jesus’ resurrection, experienced it himself, and circumcized himself, which is an example of self-mortification for all those who have also experienced the resurrection in this world. ...”
Lorne R. Zelyck, John among the Other Gospels: The Reception of the Fourth Gospel in the Extra-Canonical Gospels (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013), 117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Epistle of Barnabas 9:6 and Gospel of Philip 11:83

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