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Epic of Gilgamesh

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Tablet IX

1 For his friend Enkidu Gilgameš
2 was weeping bitterly as he roamed the wild:
3 ‘I shall die, and shall I not then be like Enkidu?
4 Sorrow has entered my heart.
5 I became afraid of death, so go roaming the wild,
6 to Ūta-napišti, son of Ubār-Tutu,
7 I am on the road and travelling swiftly.
8 I arrived one night at the mountain passes,
9 I saw some lions and grew afraid.
10 I lifted my head, praying to Sîn,
11 to [ … , the] light of the gods, my supplications went:
12 “O [Sîn and …,] keep me safe!'"
13 [Gilgameš] arose, he awoke with a start: it was a dream!
14 [ … in the] presence of the moon he grew happy to be alive.
15 He took up his axe in his hand,
16 he drew forth [the dirk from] his belt.
17 Like an arrow he fell among them,
18 he struck the [lions, he] killed (them), he scattered (them).
19 Then … […] …,
20 he cast off [ …]
21 He drew [two …,]
22 the name of the first [was …,]
23 the name of the second [was …]
24 He lifted [his head, praying to Sîn,]
25 to […, the light of the gods, his supplications went:]
26 ‘O [Sîn and …,]
27 let […]
28 How […?]'
29 [Sîn …]
30 [Missing text: 30–36.]
37 The name of the mountain was Māšu.
38 To Māšu’s twin mountains he came,
39 which daily guard the rising [of the sun,] –
40 their tops [abut] the fabric of the heavens,⁠
41 their bases reach down to Hades –
42 there were scorpion-men guarding its gate,⁠
43 whose terror was dread and glance was death,
44 whose radiance was terrifying, enveloping the uplands –
45 at both sunrise and sunset they guard the sun –
46 Gilgameš saw them and covered his face with fear and dread;
47 he collected his wits and drew near their presence.
48 The scorpion-man called to his female:
49 ‘He who has come to us, flesh of the gods is his body.’
50 The scorpion-man’s female answered him:
51 ‘Two-thirds of him are god but a third of him is human.’
52 The male scorpion-man called out,
53 saying a word [to King Gilgameš,] flesh of the gods:
54 '[How did you come here,] a far road?
55 [how did you get] here, into my presence?
56 [How did you ford the many rivers], whose crossing is perilous?
57 […] let me learn of your […]
58 [… where] your [face] is set,
59 [… let me] learn [of your journey.]'
60 [Missing text: 60–73.]
74 […] … […]
75 ‘[I am seeking] the [road] of my forefather, Ūta-napišti.
76 He who stood in the assembly of the gods, and [found life,]
77 of death and life [he will tell me the secret.]'
78 The scorpion-man opened his mouth [to speak,]
79 saying to [Gilgameš:]
80 ‘There was not [ever], O Gilgameš, […] like [you,]
81 never did anyone [travel the path] of the mountain.
82 For twelve double-hours its interior [extends,]
83 the darkness is dense and [light is] there none.
84 For the rising of the sun […,]
85 for the setting of the [sun …,]
86 For the setting of the […,]
87 they sent forth […]
88 … […]
89 and you, how [will you …?]
90 Will you go [in …?]'
91 … […]
92 … […]
93 … […]
94 [Missing text: 94–124.]
125 ‘Through sorrow […;]
126 by frost and sunshine [my face is burnt.]
127 Through exhaustion […:]
128 now you [must …]’
129 The scorpion-man [opened his mouth to speak,]
130 [saying a word] to King Gilgameš, [flesh of the gods:]
131 ‘Go, Gilgameš! […,]
132 May the mountains of Māšu [allow you to pass!]
133 ‘[May] the mountains and hills [watch over your going!]
134 Let [them help you] in safety [to continue your journey]
135 [May] the gate of the mountain [open before you!]'
136 [When] Gilgameš [heard this,]
137 to what [the scorpion-man] had told him […]
138 he [took] the path of the sun […]
139 One double-hour … […,]
140 the darkness was dense, [and light was there none:]
141 it did not [allow him to see what was behind him.]
142 Two double-hours […,]
143 the darkness was dense, [and light was there none:]
144 it did not [allow him to see what was behind him.]
145 Three double-hours […,]
146 [the darkness was dense, and light was there none:]
147 [it did not allow him to see what was behind him.]
148 Four double-[hours …,]
149 [the darkness] was dense, [and light was there none:]
150 it did not [allow him to see what was behind him.]
151 Five double-hours [ …,]
152 the darkness was dense, [and light was there none:]
153 it did not allow [him to see what was behind him.]
154 When [he reached] six double-hours,
155 the darkness was dense, [and light was there none:]
156 it did not allow [him to see what was behind him.]
157 On reaching seven double-hours […,]
158 the darkness was dense, and [light was there] none:
159 it did not allow him [to] see what was behind [him.]
160 At eight double-hours he was hurrying like […,]
161 the darkness was dense, and light was [there none:]
162 it did not [allow him to] see what was behind him.
163 Nine double-[hours …] the north wind,
164 […] … his face;
165 [the darkness was dense, and] light was [there none:]
166 [it did not allow him to] see what was behind him.
167 [When he] reached [ten double-hours,]
168 […] was very near.
169 [on reaching eleven double-hours a journey remained] of one double-hour,
170 [at twelve double-hours Gilgameš] emerged ahead of the Sun.
171 […] there was brilliance:
172 he went straight, as soon as he saw them, to… the trees of the gods.
173 A carnelian (tree) was in fruit,
174 hung with bunches of grapes, lovely to see.
175 A lapis lazuli (tree) bore foliage,
176 in full fruit and gorgeous to gaze on.
177 [Missing text: 177–183.]
184 […] cypress […]
185 […] cedar […,]
186 its leaf-stems were of pappardilû [stone and …] …
187 Sea coral […] sāsu-stone,
188 instead of thorns and briar [there grew] crystal vials.
189 He touched a carob, [(it was)] abašmu stone,
190 šubû stone and haematite […] …
191 Like […] and … […] … the plain,
192 like […] turquoise.
193 Of […] sea-shell,
194 it had […] …
195 As Gilgameš walked about [in wonder,]
196 she lifted up [her head to] watch him.

Texts in conversation

Compare Epic of Gilgamesh IX 40 and 1 Enoch 17:2

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

Gilgamesh travels through darkness beneath Mount Mashu, whose peak reaches heaven and whose base extends to the netherworld. 1 Enoch echoes this tradition, describing a similar journey to a place of darkness and a mountain whose summit reaches to heaven.

Passages

Epic of Gilgamesh IX 40

Ancient Near East, Babylonian
37 The name of the mountain was Māšu. 38 To Māšu’s twin mountains he came, 39 which daily guard the rising [of the sun,] – 40 their tops [abut] the fabric of the heavens, 41 their bases reach down to Hades – 42 there were scorpion-men guarding its gate, 43 whose terror was dread and glance was death, 44 whose radiance was terrifying, enveloping the uplands – 45 at both sunrise and sunset they guard the sun –
2100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Epic of Gilgamesh

1 Enoch 17:2

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
1 And they brought me to a place where those present were like flaming fire, and when they wished, they appeared as men. 2 And they led me to a place of darkness, and to a mountain whose peak reached to heaven. 3 And I saw the places of the sun and moon and the treasuries of the stars and of the thunder in the utmost depths, where there was a fiery bow and arrows and their quiver, and a fiery sword and all the lightnings. 4 And they took me to the living waters, and to the fire of the west, which receives every setting of the sun.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

“… In order to reach Utnapishtim, Gilgamesh travels first to Mount Mašu (Epic of Gilgamesh 9). We learn that Mount Mašu guards the rising and setting of the sun; the mountain is of considerable height and depth, its flank extending to the netherworld below and being the point at which the sun passes from east to west. The scorpion beings evoke terror, perhaps to frighten mortals who attempt to cross the dark mountains in search of the mouth of the rivers. Gilgamesh then travels through twelve leagues of darkness along the ‘path of the sun.’ He emerges from that leg of the journey at the place where the sun rises. There he finds trees with precious stones that serve as fruit and foliage (Epic of Gilgamesh 9). The geography in this selection of the Epic of Gilgamesh is, like 1 Enoch 17–19, concerned with sites located on the periphery of the earth …”
Kelley Coblentz Bautch, A Study of the Geography of 1 Enoch 17–19: "No One Has Seen What I Have Seen", JSJSup 81 (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 232–234.
“... Even in the details the reader encounters not merely scientific curios but celestial counterparts to what an earthly king might display in his kingdom. Enoch’s first sight in the western regions is a mountain and beings “like flaming fire” who could appear in human shape (17:1-2). According to Grelot, this seems to be a reference to the cherubim with fiery swords of Genesis 3:24 who guard the path to the forbidden tree of life. They also recall the scorpion-men who guard Mount Mashu in the Gilgamesh epic. Whatever the specific form of the tradition, they are celestial guardians of some sort. ...”
Carol A. Newsom, “The Development of 1 Enoch 6–19: Cosmology and Judgment,” CBQ (1980): 325.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Epic of Gilgamesh IX 40 and 1 Enoch 17:2

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