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Ephesians

About this book
Chapter 6

1 Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right. 2 “Honor your father and mother,” which is the first commandment accompanied by a promise, namely, 3 “that it will go well with you and that you will live a long time on the earth.” 4 Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger, but raise them up in the discipline and instruction of the Lord. 5 Slaves, obey your human masters with fear and trembling, in the sincerity of your heart, as to Christ, 6 not like those who do their work only when someone is watching—as people-pleasers—but as slaves of Christ doing the will of God from the heart. 7 Obey with enthusiasm, as though serving the Lord and not people, 8 because you know that each person, whether slave or free, if he does something good, this will be rewarded by the Lord. 9 Masters, treat your slaves the same way, giving up the use of threats, because you know that both you and they have the same master in heaven, and there is no favoritism with him.⁠ 10 Finally, be strengthened in the Lord and in the strength of his power. 11 Clothe yourselves with the full armor of God, so that you will be able to stand against the schemes of the devil.⁠ 12 For our struggle is not against flesh and blood,⁠ but against the rulers, against the powers,⁠ against the world rulers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavens. 13 For this reason, take up the full armor of God so that you may be able to stand your ground on the evil day, and having done everything, to stand.⁠ 14 Stand firm therefore, by fastening the belt of truth around your waist, by putting on the breastplate of righteousness, 15 by fitting your feet with the preparation that comes from the good news of peace, 16 and in all of this, by taking up the shield of faith with which you can extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. 17 And take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit (which is the word of God). 18 With every prayer and petition, pray at all times in the Spirit, and to this end be alert, with all perseverance and petitions for all the saints. 19 Pray for me also, that I may be given the right words when I begin to speak—that I may confidently make known the mystery of the gospel, 20 for which I am an ambassador in chains. Pray that I may be able to speak boldly as I ought to speak. 21 Tychicus, my dear brother and faithful servant in the Lord, will make everything known to you, so that you too may know about my circumstances, how I am doing. 22 I have sent him to you for this very purpose, that you may know our circumstances and that he may encourage your hearts. 23 Peace to the brothers and sisters, and love with faith, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. 24 Grace be with all those who love our Lord Jesus Christ with an undying love.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 40:9 and Ephesians 6:12

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · New Testament

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Summary

Ephesians describes conflict as a struggle with unseen spiritual powers rather than human enemies, echoing 1 Enoch where heavenly beings shape events on earth, showing continuity with Jewish apocalyptic traditions of divine order.

Passages

1 Enoch 40:9

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
8 After that I asked the angel of peace who went with me, who showed me everything that is hidden: 'Who are these four presences I have seen, whose words I have heard and written down?' 9 He said to me: 'The first is Michael, the merciful and patient; the second, who is set over all the diseases and all the wounds of the children of men, is Raphael; the third, who is set over all the powers, is Gabriel; and the fourth, who is set over the repentance that leads to hope for those who inherit eternal life, is named Phanuel.' 10 These are the four angels of the Lord of Spirits, and the four voices I heard in those days.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Ephesians 6:12

New Testament
10 Finally, be strengthened in the Lord and in the strength of his power. 11 Clothe yourselves with the full armor of God, so that you will be able to stand against the schemes of the devil. 12 For our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the powers, against the world rulers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavens. 13 For this reason, take up the full armor of God so that you may be able to stand your ground on the evil day, and having done everything, to stand.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ephesians

References

"... Slavoj Žižek offers a translation of Ephesians 6:12 that, not unlike the translation techniques of the Good News Bible or The Message, he renders in “today’s language”: Our struggle is not against actual corrupt individuals, but against those in power in general, against their authority, against the global order and the ideological mystification which sustains it ... the present chapter attempts a Gramscian “preliminary detailed philological work” examining the birth and development of the archangel in ancient Judaism and Christianity, an attempt to demonstrate the conceptual and ideological unity of certain traditions previously considered unconnected. The archangel, one of an elite group of principal angels, only appears on the scene at the end or margins of the Jewish scriptures (in the books of 1 Enoch, Tobit, and Daniel), perhaps then sometime in the third century BCE, give or take some decades. Yet once the archangel entered the Jewish imaginary, he gained a secure place in Jewish and then Christian tradition ..."
Deane Galbraith, “The Origin of Archangels: Ideological Mystification of Nobility,” in Class Struggle in the New Testament, ed. Robert J. Myles (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2019), 209–240.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Enoch 40:9 and Ephesians 6:12

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