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About this book

Didache

About this book

The Two Ways: The Way of Life

Chapter 1

1 There are two Ways: one of Life and one of Death, and there is a significant difference between the two Ways.⁠ 2 The way of life is as follows: First, you should love the God who created you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself.⁠ Treat others as you would want to be treated.⁠ 3 Now, the teaching behind these words is this: Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you. What credit is it to you if you love only those who love you back? Don't even the non-believers do the same? Instead, love those who hate you,⁠ and you will have no enemies. 4 Refrain from indulging in carnal and bodily desires. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other cheek to them as well, and you will be perfect. If someone compels you to go one mile, go two. If someone takes your coat, offer them your shirt as well.⁠ If someone takes from you what belongs to you, do not ask for it back, since you cannot. 5 Give to everyone who asks of you, and do not ask for it back, for the Father's will is that we give to all from the gifts we have received. Blessed is the one who gives according to the commandment, for they are innocent. Woe to the one who receives: if someone receives because they are in need, they are innocent, but those who receive without need will be questioned as to why they took and for what purpose.⁠ They will be examined for their deeds while in prison, and they will not be released until they pay the last penny. 6 Regarding this matter, it was also said, let your gift to the poor sweat in your hands until you know to whom you are giving.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Testament of Issachar 5:2 and Didache 1:2

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Early Christian

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Summary

In the Testament of Issachar, a Jewish work in the voice of Jacob's son, Issachar sums up obeying God's commandments as loving God and one's neighbor. The Didache, an early church manual, also begins its way of life with these two loves.

Passages

Testament of Issachar 5:2

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
1 So keep the law of God, my children, and gain integrity. 2 Live with innocence, not meddling in your neighbor's affairs, but love the Lord and your neighbor, and have compassion on the poor and the weak. 3 Bend your back to farming and work hard at every kind of farming, offering gifts to the Lord with thanksgiving.
100 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Issachar

Didache 1:2

Early Christian
1 There are two Ways: one of Life and one of Death, and there is a significant difference between the two Ways. 2 The way of life is as follows: First, you should love the God who created you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself. Treat others as you would want to be treated. 3 Now, the teaching behind these words is this: Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you. What credit is it to you if you love only those who love you back? Don't even the non-believers do the same? Instead, love those who hate you, and you will have no enemies.
90–120 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Didache

References

“... In the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the twofold commandment has special prominence as well. Its occurrence at the beginning or close of an exhortation (T. Issa. 5:2; T. Benj. 3:3; T. Issa. 7:6; T. Dan 5:3), shows that it could serve as a summary of precepts. Moreover, this juxtaposition is often found in a context which incites us to keep the Law or all commandments (cf. T. Issa. 5:1; T. Benj. 3:1; T. Issa 7:1-6). In conclusion, two points are relevant with respect to our Two Ways passage. It is reasonable to assume that the direct antecedents to the association between the love of God and the love of others are to be found in Palestinian Jewish tradition, the more so since this tradition is based on the two clauses of Lev 19:18 and Deut 6:5, both of which begin with "you shall love." Moreover, as implied in the T 12 Patr. and as specified in the synoptic teaching of Jesus and in the Greek Two Ways, the combination of the two commandments was usually held to be a summary of the entire Law. ...”
Huub van de Sandt and David Flusser, The Didache: Its Jewish Sources and Its Place in Early Judaism and Christianity, Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum, Section 3: Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature 5 (Assen: Royal Van Gorcum, 2002), 158.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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