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About this book

Didache

About this book

The Two Ways: The Way of Life

Chapter 1

1 There are two Ways: one of Life and one of Death, and there is a significant difference between the two Ways.⁠ 2 The way of life is as follows: First, you should love the God who created you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself.⁠ Treat others as you would want to be treated.⁠ 3 Now, the teaching behind these words is this: Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you. What credit is it to you if you love only those who love you back? Don't even the non-believers do the same? Instead, love those who hate you,⁠ and you will have no enemies. 4 Refrain from indulging in carnal and bodily desires. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other cheek to them as well, and you will be perfect. If someone compels you to go one mile, go two. If someone takes your coat, offer them your shirt as well.⁠ If someone takes from you what belongs to you, do not ask for it back, since you cannot. 5 Give to everyone who asks of you, and do not ask for it back, for the Father's will is that we give to all from the gifts we have received. Blessed is the one who gives according to the commandment, for they are innocent. Woe to the one who receives: if someone receives because they are in need, they are innocent, but those who receive without need will be questioned as to why they took and for what purpose.⁠ They will be examined for their deeds while in prison, and they will not be released until they pay the last penny. 6 Regarding this matter, it was also said, let your gift to the poor sweat in your hands until you know to whom you are giving.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare 1QS 3:20 and Didache 1:1

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · Early Christian

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Summary

In the Community Rule from the Dead Sea Scrolls, every person belongs to one of two spirits and walks in the ways of light or of darkness. The Didache, an early church manual, begins instead with two ways of life and death for its readers to choose.

Passages

1QS 3:20

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · Community Rule
18 the world, and he set for it two spirits in which to walk until the appointed time of his visitation. They are the spirits of 19 truth and of iniquity. In a spring of light are the generations of truth, and from a fountain of darkness are the generations of iniquity. 20 In the hand of the Prince of Lights is the rule over all the sons of righteousness; they walk in the ways of light. And in the hand of the Angel of 21 Darkness is all the rule over the sons of iniquity, and they walk in the ways of darkness. And by the Angel of Darkness comes the straying of
160–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1QS

Didache 1:1

Early Christian
1 There are two Ways: one of Life and one of Death, and there is a significant difference between the two Ways. 2 The way of life is as follows: First, you should love the God who created you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself. Treat others as you would want to be treated. 3 Now, the teaching behind these words is this: Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you. What credit is it to you if you love only those who love you back? Don't even the non-believers do the same? Instead, love those who hate you, and you will have no enemies.
90–120 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Didache

References

“... In the sect's belief, men are forced to go one way or the other and are denied the freedom of choice between the opposite ways: In the hand of the Prince of Lights (is) the dominion of all the Sons of Righteousness; in the ways of light they walk. But in the hand of the Angel of Darkness (is) the dominion of the Sons of Deceit; and in the ways of darkness they walk (1QS 3:20-21). The Essene concept of two spirits is closely connected with this notion of predetermination. There is no doubt that in the above quotation the Prince of Lights is synonymous with the Spirit of Truth and the Angel of Darkness is equivalent to the Spirit of Deceit. The function of the two spirits is to control all people for good and evil and men are assigned to one or the other spirit as a result of the will of God. In 1QS 3:13-4:26 it is not the Two Ways that are decisive but the two spirits. [...] How is this situation to be explained? The presence of the ways and spirits side by side tends to support the suspicion that in Qumran the Two Ways are substituted by the two spirits as a consequence of predestinarian thought. This suggestion is corroborated by other sources. Dualistic beliefs in terms of predetermination are found in various Jewish writings which, although not sectarian in character, probably belonged to the wider Essene movement such as Jub 10:1.9.11; 15:31b-32a; Sir 42:24-25; T. Asher 1:8-9; 3:3; 6:2, and 6:4-6. It was observed in the previous section, however, that almost all Two Ways metaphors (dualistic or otherwise) of the period presuppose man's free decision between the two alternative paths of conduct. It is not by the Two Spirits that each man is led astray or aright but by his own free will. In the dualistic form of the Two Ways – underlying the Didache, Doctrina and Barnabas – this same idea is echoed. The Two Ways are, really two paths open to man. One may thus argue with some assurance that in Qumran the emphasis might have been deliberately shifted from freedom of choice and moral responsibility, represented by the option on the part of man between the Two Ways, to man's incorporation into two cosmic and ethical domains ruled by the two spirits. ...”
Huub van de Sandt and David Flusser, The Didache: Its Jewish Sources and Its Place in Early Judaism and Christianity, Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum, Section 3: Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature 5 (Assen: Royal Van Gorcum, 2002), 150–151.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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