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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 9

1 Listen, Israel: Today you are about to cross the Jordan so you can dispossess the nations there, people greater and stronger than you who live in large cities with walls that reach to the heavens.1⁠ 2 They include the Anakites, a numerous and tall people whom you know about and of whom it is said, “Who is able to resist the Anakites?” 3 Understand today that the Lord your God who goes before you is a devouring fire; he will defeat and subdue them before you. You will dispossess and destroy them quickly just as he has told you. 4 Do not think to yourself after the Lord your God has driven them out before you, “Because of my own righteousness the Lord has brought me here to possess this land.” It is because of the wickedness of these nations that the Lord is driving them out ahead of you. 5 It is not because of your righteousness, or even your inner uprightness, that you have come here to possess their land.⁠ Instead, because of the wickedness of these nations, the Lord your God is driving them out ahead of you in order to confirm the promise he made on oath to your ancestors, to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. 6 Understand, therefore, that it is not because of your righteousness that the Lord your God is about to give you this good land as a possession, for you are a stubborn people! 7 Remember—don’t ever forget—how you provoked the Lord your God in the wilderness; from the time you left the land of Egypt until you came to this place you were constantly rebelling against him. 8 At Horeb you provoked him and he was angry enough with you to destroy you. 9 When I went up the mountain to receive the stone tablets, the tablets of the covenant that the Lord made with you, I remained there 40 days and nights, eating and drinking nothing. 10 The Lord gave me the two stone tablets, written by the very finger of God, and on them was everything he said to you at the mountain from the midst of the fire at the time of that assembly. 11 Now at the end of the 40 days and nights the Lord presented me with the two stone tablets, the tablets of the covenant. 12 And he said to me, “Get up, go down at once from here because your people whom you brought out of Egypt have sinned! They have quickly turned from the way I commanded them and have made for themselves a cast metal image.” 13 Moreover, he said to me, “I have taken note of these people; they are a stubborn lot! 14 Stand aside and I will destroy them, obliterating their very name from memory,⁠ and I will make you into a stronger and more numerous nation than they are.” 15 So I turned and went down the mountain while it was blazing with fire; the two tablets of the covenant were in my hands. 16 When I looked, you had indeed sinned against the Lord your God and had cast for yourselves a metal calf; you had quickly turned aside from the way he had commanded you! 17 I grabbed the two tablets, threw them down, and shattered them before your very eyes.⁠ 18 Then I again fell down before the Lord for 40 days and nights; I ate and drank nothing because of all the sin you had committed, doing such evil before the Lord as to enrage him. 19 For I was terrified at the Lord’s intense anger that threatened to destroy you. But he listened to me this time as well.⁠ 20 The Lord was also angry enough at Aaron to kill him, but at that time I prayed for him too.⁠ 21 As for your sinful thing that you had made, the calf, I took it, melted it down, ground it up until it was as fine as dust,⁠ and tossed the dust into the stream that flows down the mountain.⁠ 22 Moreover, you continued to provoke the Lord at Taberah, Massah, and Kibroth Hattaavah. 23 And when he sent you from Kadesh Barnea and told you, “Go up and possess the land I have given you,” you rebelled against the Lord your God and would neither believe nor obey him. 24 You have been rebelling against him from the very first day I knew you! 25 I lay flat on the ground before the Lord for 40 days and nights, for he had said he would destroy you. 26 I prayed to him: O, Sovereign Lord, do not destroy your people, your valued property that you have powerfully redeemed, whom you brought out of Egypt by your strength. 27 Remember your servants Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; ignore the stubbornness, wickedness, and sin of these people. 28 Otherwise the people of the land from which you brought us will say, “The Lord was unable to bring them to the land he promised them, and because of his hatred for them he has brought them out to kill them in the wilderness.”⁠ 29 They are your people, your valued property, whom you brought out with great strength and power.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.6 II:34 and Deuteronomy 9:21

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Deuteronomy 9 uses the sequence of actions applied to Mot in the Baal Cycle to describe the golden calf's destruction, turning a divine battle into a model for removing idols.

Passages

KTU 1.6 II:34

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
I approached Valiant Baal; I set him like a lamb in my mouth; like a kid he was crushed in my jaws. Shapshu, Lamp of the Gods, glowed hot; the heavens grew weak at the hand of divine Mot. A day, two days passed; from days to months. The Maiden Anat sought him. Like the heart of a cow for her calf, like the heart of a ewe for her lamb, so was the heart of Anat after Baal. She seized divine Mot. With a sword she split him; with a sieve she winnowed him; in fire she burned him; with millstones she ground him; in the field she sowed him. His flesh was eaten by birds; his portions were consumed by fowl. Flesh cried out to flesh.
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Deuteronomy 9:21

Hebrew Bible
19 For I was terrified at the Lord’s intense anger that threatened to destroy you. But he listened to me this time as well. 20 The Lord was also angry enough at Aaron to kill him, but at that time I prayed for him too. 21 As for your sinful thing that you had made, the calf, I took it, melted it down, ground it up until it was as fine as dust, and tossed the dust into the stream that flows down the mountain. 22 Moreover, you continued to provoke the Lord at Taberah, Massah, and Kibroth Hattaavah. 23 And when he sent you from Kadesh Barnea and told you, “Go up and possess the land I have given you,” you rebelled against the Lord your God and would neither believe nor obey him. 24 You have been rebelling against him from the very first day I knew you!
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

References

“... Môt, having returned to life, recounts his suffering at the time of his killing. The first version (KTU 1.6 ii:30–36) reads as follows: tiẖd bn ilm mt bḥrb tbqʿnn, bẖtr tdrynn, bišt tšrpnn, brḥm tṭḥnn, bšd tdrʿnn, širh ltikl ʿṣrm ‘she seized Môt, son of Il, cleaved him with a sword, winnowed him with a sieve, burned him in fire, ground him with a millstone, scattered him in a field, his flesh the birds ate.” [...] The common images and identical verbs in the description of the destruction of Mot and that of destroying the golden calf are: takl, eat; lqḥ = ʾẖd, take; šrp, burn; ṭḥn, grind; and drʿ, scatter (in the sea), in one version, and being eaten by birds on the other. The Exodus version might have preserved the image of “being eaten” while the Deuteronomic version may have preserved the image of “being scattered in the sea.” It seems that both accounts, the Ugaritic about Môt and the biblical about the golden calf, are not to be taken literally, for their purpose is to describe total destruction without regard for the factual applicability of the actions involved (burning and grinding). ...”
Moshe Weinfeld, Deuteronomy 1–11: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, AB 5 (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 412.

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KTU 1.6 II:34 and Deuteronomy 9:21

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