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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 21

1 If a homicide victim should be found lying in a field in the land the Lord your God is giving you, and no one knows who killed him, 2 your elders and judges must go out and measure how far it is to the cities in the vicinity of the corpse. 3 Then the elders of the city nearest to the corpse must take from the herd a heifer that has not been worked—that has never pulled with the yoke— 4 and bring the heifer down to a wadi with flowing water, to a valley that is neither plowed nor sown. There at the wadi they are to break the heifer’s neck. 5 Then the Levitical priests will approach (for the Lord your God has chosen them to serve him and to pronounce blessings in his name, and to decide every judicial verdict) , 6 and all the elders of that city nearest the corpse must wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley.⁠ 7 Then they must proclaim, “Our hands have not spilled this blood, nor have we witnessed the crime. 8 Do not blame your people Israel whom you redeemed, O Lord, and do not hold them accountable for the bloodshed of an innocent person.” Then atonement will be made for the bloodshed. 9 In this manner you will purge the guilt of innocent blood from among you, for you must do what is right before the Lord. 10 When you go out to do battle with your enemies and the Lord your God allows you to prevail and you take prisoners, 11 if you should see among them an attractive woman whom you wish to take as a wife, 12 you may bring her back to your house. She must shave her head, trim her nails, 13 discard the clothing she was wearing when captured, and stay in your house, lamenting for her father and mother for a full month. After that you may sleep with her and become her husband and she your wife. 14 If you are not pleased with her, then you must let her go where she pleases. You cannot in any case sell her; you must not take advantage of her, since you have already humiliated her. 15 Suppose a man has two wives, one he loves and one he hates30, and they both bear him sons, with the firstborn being the child of the less-loved wife.⁠ 16 In the day he divides his inheritance he must not appoint as firstborn the son of the favorite wife in place of the other wife’s son who is actually the firstborn. 17 Rather, he must acknowledge the son of the less-loved wife as firstborn and give him the double portion of all he has, for that son is the beginning of his father’s procreative power—to him should go the right of the firstborn.⁠ 18 If a person has a stubborn, rebellious son who pays no attention to his father or mother, and they discipline him to no avail, 19 his father and mother must seize him and bring him to the elders at the gate of his city. 20 They must declare to the elders of his city, “Our son is stubborn and rebellious and pays no attention to what we say—he is a glutton and drunkard.”⁠ 21 Then all the men of his city must stone him to death. In this way you will purge wickedness from among you, and all Israel will hear about it and be afraid. 22 If a person commits a sin punishable by death and is executed, and you hang the corpse on a tree,⁠ 23 his body must not remain all night on the tree; instead you must make certain you bury him that same day, for the one who is left exposed on a tree is cursed by God.⁠ You must not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 21:6 and Psalm 26:6

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Deuteronomy 21 describes elders washing their hands over a sacrificed animal to declare their community free of responsibility for an unsolved murder. Psalm 26 uses this language when the speaker proclaims that washing their hands is a sign of innocence.

Passages

Deuteronomy 21:6

Hebrew Bible
4 and bring the heifer down to a wadi with flowing water, to a valley that is neither plowed nor sown. There at the wadi they are to break the heifer’s neck. 5 Then the Levitical priests will approach (for the Lord your God has chosen them to serve him and to pronounce blessings in his name, and to decide every judicial verdict) , 6 and all the elders of that city nearest the corpse must wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley. 7 Then they must proclaim, “Our hands have not spilled this blood, nor have we witnessed the crime. 8 Do not blame your people Israel whom you redeemed, O Lord, and do not hold them accountable for the bloodshed of an innocent person.” Then atonement will be made for the bloodshed.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Psalm 26:6

Hebrew Bible
4 I do not associate with deceitful men, or consort with those who are dishonest. 5 I hate the mob of evil men, and do not associate with the wicked. 6 I wash my hands in innocence,11 so I can appear before your altar, O Lord, 7 to give you thanks, and to tell about all your amazing deeds. 8 O Lord, I love the temple where you live, the place where your splendor is revealed.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... Deuteronomy 21:1–9 presents a case of homicide with no evidence and in open country where questions of jurisdiction need to be resolved. Once it is determined that they shoulder the responsibility, the elders of the nearest city grasp their liability for the crime. A complicated ritual ensues that involves the killing of a heifer by breaking its neck. The elders wash their hands over the heifer while testifying that they did not commit the murder nor were they witnesses to the murder (Deuteronomy 21:6–7; compare Psalm 26:6). Though it is not stated outright, the elders implicitly assert that no one in their city is criminally responsible, either as an accessory to the murder or complicit in some other way (e.g., harboring the fugitive). Overseeing these legal disclaimers are the priests who are chosen to be God’s judicial representatives to settle such a dispute involving assault (Deuteronomy 21:5). Yet no mention is made of their verdict. Instead the narrative centers on the Ultimate Judge, the only one who can truly decide such a case with so many unknowns. After their ritual actions, the elders beseech God for absolution of the blood guilt (literally “innocent blood”), absolution that only God can provide. Such a purge of blood guilt is “exercising what is just in the estimation of Yahweh” (Deuteronomy 21:9)— a favorite Deuteronomic expression (compare 6:18; 12:25, 28; 13:19) for Yahweh as the giver of law and its absolute judge ..."
Theodore J. Lewis, The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020), 528–529.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 21:6 and Psalm 26:6

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