Go to Related Reading
About this book

Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 21

1 If a homicide victim should be found lying in a field in the land the Lord your God is giving you, and no one knows who killed him, 2 your elders and judges must go out and measure how far it is to the cities in the vicinity of the corpse. 3 Then the elders of the city nearest to the corpse must take from the herd a heifer that has not been worked—that has never pulled with the yoke— 4 and bring the heifer down to a wadi with flowing water, to a valley that is neither plowed nor sown. There at the wadi they are to break the heifer’s neck. 5 Then the Levitical priests will approach (for the Lord your God has chosen them to serve him and to pronounce blessings in his name, and to decide every judicial verdict) , 6 and all the elders of that city nearest the corpse must wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley.⁠ 7 Then they must proclaim, “Our hands have not spilled this blood, nor have we witnessed the crime. 8 Do not blame your people Israel whom you redeemed, O Lord, and do not hold them accountable for the bloodshed of an innocent person.” Then atonement will be made for the bloodshed. 9 In this manner you will purge the guilt of innocent blood from among you, for you must do what is right before the Lord. 10 When you go out to do battle with your enemies and the Lord your God allows you to prevail and you take prisoners, 11 if you should see among them an attractive woman whom you wish to take as a wife, 12 you may bring her back to your house. She must shave her head, trim her nails, 13 discard the clothing she was wearing when captured, and stay in your house, lamenting for her father and mother for a full month. After that you may sleep with her and become her husband and she your wife. 14 If you are not pleased with her, then you must let her go where she pleases. You cannot in any case sell her; you must not take advantage of her, since you have already humiliated her. 15 Suppose a man has two wives, one he loves and one he hates30, and they both bear him sons, with the firstborn being the child of the less-loved wife.⁠ 16 In the day he divides his inheritance he must not appoint as firstborn the son of the favorite wife in place of the other wife’s son who is actually the firstborn. 17 Rather, he must acknowledge the son of the less-loved wife as firstborn and give him the double portion of all he has, for that son is the beginning of his father’s procreative power—to him should go the right of the firstborn.⁠ 18 If a person has a stubborn, rebellious son who pays no attention to his father or mother, and they discipline him to no avail, 19 his father and mother must seize him and bring him to the elders at the gate of his city. 20 They must declare to the elders of his city, “Our son is stubborn and rebellious and pays no attention to what we say—he is a glutton and drunkard.”⁠ 21 Then all the men of his city must stone him to death. In this way you will purge wickedness from among you, and all Israel will hear about it and be afraid. 22 If a person commits a sin punishable by death and is executed, and you hang the corpse on a tree,⁠ 23 his body must not remain all night on the tree; instead you must make certain you bury him that same day, for the one who is left exposed on a tree is cursed by God.⁠ You must not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 21:23 and Joshua 10:26

Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

Joshua describes five Amorite kings executed and hung on trees until evening, echoing Deuteronomy 21 that a body on a tree must not remain overnight. This places Joshua's actions in continuity with the Torah and also influenced by Assyrian practices.

Passages

Deuteronomy 21:23

Hebrew Bible
21 Then all the men of his city must stone him to death. In this way you will purge wickedness from among you, and all Israel will hear about it and be afraid. 22 If a person commits a sin punishable by death and is executed, and you hang the corpse on a tree, 23 his body must not remain all night on the tree; instead you must make certain you bury him that same day, for the one who is left exposed on a tree is cursed by God. You must not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Joshua 10:26

Hebrew Bible
24 When they brought the kings out to Joshua, he summoned all the men of Israel and said to the commanders of the troops who accompanied him, “Come here and put your feet on the necks of these kings.” So they came up and put their feet on their necks. 25 Then Joshua said to them, “Don’t be afraid and don’t panic! Be strong and brave, for the Lord will do the same thing to all your enemies you fight.” 26 Then Joshua executed them and hung them on five trees. They were left hanging on the trees until evening. 27 At sunset Joshua ordered his men to take them down from the trees. They threw them into the cave where they had hidden and piled large stones over the mouth of the cave. (They remain to this very day.) 28 That day Joshua captured Makkedah and put the sword to it and its king. He annihilated everyone who lived in it; he left no survivors. He did to its king what he had done to the king of Jericho.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Joshua

References

"... In my opinion, the description of impalement in Joshua 8:29 was not initially designed to illustrate Deuteronomic law, but rather takes its inspiration from the prevalent Neo-Assyrian practice directed against foreign enemies in wartime. The reliefs of the conquest of Lachish illustrate how Sennacherib carried out this practice in Judah during his third campaign. In my opinion, the early conquest account did not object to the idea that the Israelites should treat the kings of Canaan in the same fashion that Assyrians had treated Judean captives during the campaigns of the seventh century. I think that a later scribe, in the late sixth century or later, assumed that the rationale that was added to the law in Deuteronomy 21:22–23 should also apply to the period of the conquest in order to preserve the land of Israel’s inheritance from pollution. To this end, he added the details about removing the body of the king of Ai at sunset and interning his corpse in the cairn. In this case, a late Deuteronomistic revision of the Ai narrative employed the law in Deuteronomy 21:22–23 in an exegetical fashion ..."
Cynthia Edenburg, “Paradigm, Illustrative Narrative, or Midrash: The Case of Josh 7-8 and Deuteronomic/istic Law,” in The Reception of Biblical War Legislation in Narrative Contexts: Proceedings of the EABS Research Group "Law and Narrative", ed. Christoph Berner (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2015), 163–178.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Deuteronomy 21:23 and Joshua 10:26

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library