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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 21

1 If a homicide victim should be found lying in a field in the land the Lord your God is giving you, and no one knows who killed him, 2 your elders and judges must go out and measure how far it is to the cities in the vicinity of the corpse. 3 Then the elders of the city nearest to the corpse must take from the herd a heifer that has not been worked—that has never pulled with the yoke— 4 and bring the heifer down to a wadi with flowing water, to a valley that is neither plowed nor sown. There at the wadi they are to break the heifer’s neck. 5 Then the Levitical priests will approach (for the Lord your God has chosen them to serve him and to pronounce blessings in his name, and to decide every judicial verdict) , 6 and all the elders of that city nearest the corpse must wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley.⁠ 7 Then they must proclaim, “Our hands have not spilled this blood, nor have we witnessed the crime. 8 Do not blame your people Israel whom you redeemed, O Lord, and do not hold them accountable for the bloodshed of an innocent person.” Then atonement will be made for the bloodshed. 9 In this manner you will purge the guilt of innocent blood from among you, for you must do what is right before the Lord. 10 When you go out to do battle with your enemies and the Lord your God allows you to prevail and you take prisoners, 11 if you should see among them an attractive woman whom you wish to take as a wife, 12 you may bring her back to your house. She must shave her head, trim her nails, 13 discard the clothing she was wearing when captured, and stay in your house, lamenting for her father and mother for a full month. After that you may sleep with her and become her husband and she your wife. 14 If you are not pleased with her, then you must let her go where she pleases. You cannot in any case sell her; you must not take advantage of her, since you have already humiliated her. 15 Suppose a man has two wives, one he loves and one he hates30, and they both bear him sons, with the firstborn being the child of the less-loved wife.⁠ 16 In the day he divides his inheritance he must not appoint as firstborn the son of the favorite wife in place of the other wife’s son who is actually the firstborn. 17 Rather, he must acknowledge the son of the less-loved wife as firstborn and give him the double portion of all he has, for that son is the beginning of his father’s procreative power—to him should go the right of the firstborn.⁠ 18 If a person has a stubborn, rebellious son who pays no attention to his father or mother, and they discipline him to no avail, 19 his father and mother must seize him and bring him to the elders at the gate of his city. 20 They must declare to the elders of his city, “Our son is stubborn and rebellious and pays no attention to what we say—he is a glutton and drunkard.”⁠ 21 Then all the men of his city must stone him to death. In this way you will purge wickedness from among you, and all Israel will hear about it and be afraid. 22 If a person commits a sin punishable by death and is executed, and you hang the corpse on a tree,⁠ 23 his body must not remain all night on the tree; instead you must make certain you bury him that same day, for the one who is left exposed on a tree is cursed by God.⁠ You must not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 29:31 and Deuteronomy 21:15

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis 29 depicts Leah as a secondary, demoted wife, yet God gives her favor in response to her status. The story inverts the values inherent in Deuteronomistic laws about divorce, where a husband may demote or reject a wife through no fault of her own.

Passages

Genesis 29:31

Hebrew Bible
30 Jacob slept with Rachel as well. He also loved Rachel more than Leah. Then he worked for Laban for seven more years. 31 When the Lord saw that Leah was unloved, he enabled her to become pregnant while Rachel remained childless. 32 So Leah became pregnant and gave birth to a son. She named him Reuben, for she said, “The Lord has looked with pity on my oppressed condition. Surely my husband will love me now.” 33 She became pregnant again and had another son. She said, “Because the Lord heard that I was unloved, he gave me this one too.” So she named him Simeon.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Deuteronomy 21:15

Hebrew Bible
14 If you are not pleased with her, then you must let her go where she pleases. You cannot in any case sell her; you must not take advantage of her, since you have already humiliated her. 15 Suppose a man has two wives, one he loves and one he hates30, and they both bear him sons, with the firstborn being the child of the less-loved wife. 16 In the day he divides his inheritance he must not appoint as firstborn the son of the favorite wife in place of the other wife’s son who is actually the firstborn. 17 Rather, he must acknowledge the son of the less-loved wife as firstborn and give him the double portion of all he has, for that son is the beginning of his father’s procreative power—to him should go the right of the firstborn.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

References

"... The legal text from the Hebrew Bible that is most relevant for a discussion of Jacob’s love and hate in Genesis 29 is Deuteronomy 21:15–17. Although various commentators have long noted a possible connection between the Genesis narrative and the Deuteronomic law, in recent scholarship it is the work of Calum Carmichael that stands out as attempting to identify a direct connection between the two passages. (The question of whether or not such a connection exists will be taken up later in this study.) As Carmichael points out, this legal text “raises the question . . . about what a man might do should he be married to two wives, one of whom he hates, the other whom he loves, and whose firstborn son is by the former. It is Reuben’s situation exactly.” In other words, the situation of the firstborn son described in the law matches with that of Reuben described in Genesis. But in terms of the wife who is said to be the hated one in the Deuteronomic text, that would seem to be Leah’s situation exactly. What, therefore, does the law mean when it says that one of the wives is “hated”? ... The husband had the right to enact such a demotion, but, in the eyes of the law, the wife had done nothing to deserve it ..."
Bruce Wells, “First Wives Club: Divorce, Demotion, and the Fate of Leah in Genesis 29,” Maarav 18.1–2 (2011): 101–129.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 29:31 and Deuteronomy 21:15

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