Go to Related Reading
About this book

Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 19

1 When the Lord your God destroys the nations whose land he is about to give you and you dispossess them and settle in their cities and houses, 2 you must set apart for yourselves three cities in the middle of your land that the Lord your God is giving you as a possession. 3 You shall build a roadway and divide into thirds the whole extent of your land that the Lord your God is providing as your inheritance; anyone who kills another person should flee to the closest of these cities. 4 Now this is the law pertaining to one who flees there in order to live, if he has accidentally killed another without hating him at the time of the accident. 5 Suppose he goes with someone else to the forest to cut wood and when he raises the ax to cut the tree, the ax head flies loose from the handle and strikes his fellow worker so hard that he dies. The person responsible may then flee to one of these cities to save himself. 6 Otherwise the blood avenger will chase after the killer in the heat of his anger, eventually overtake him, and kill him, though this is not a capital case since he did not hate him at the time of the accident. 7 Therefore, I am commanding you to set apart for yourselves three cities. 8 If the Lord your God enlarges your borders as he promised your ancestors and gives you all the land he pledged to them, 9 and then you are careful to observe all these commandments I am giving you today (namely, to love the Lord your God and to always walk in his ways), then you must add three more cities to these three. 10 You must not shed innocent blood in your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance, for that would make you guilty.⁠ 11 However, suppose a person hates someone else and stalks him, attacks him, kills him, and then flees to one of these cities. 12 The elders of his own city must send for him and remove him from there to deliver him over to the blood avenger to die. 13 You must not pity him, but purge from Israel the guilt of shedding innocent blood, so that it may go well with you. 14 You must not move your neighbor’s boundary marker,28⁠ which will have been defined in the inheritance you will obtain in the land the Lord your God is giving you. 15 A single witness may not testify against another person for any trespass or sin that he commits. A matter may be legally established only on the testimony of two or three witnesses. 16 If a false witness testifies against another person and accuses him of a crime,⁠ 17 then both parties to the controversy must stand before the Lord, that is, before the priests and judges who will be in office in those days. 18 The judges will thoroughly investigate the matter, and if the witness should prove to be false and to have given false testimony against the accused, 19 you must do to him what he had intended to do to the accused. In this way you will purge the evil from among you. 20 The rest of the people will hear and become afraid to keep doing such evil among you. 21 You must not show pity; the principle will be a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, and a foot for a foot.

Texts in conversation

Compare Instruction of Amenemope and Deuteronomy 19:14

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

Deuteronomy 19 and the Instruction of Amenemope both forbid moving boundary markers and reject taking land unfairly. Deuteronomy follows this older tradition and adds that the land is God’s gift, shaping the rule into Israel’s traditions.

Passages

Instruction of Amenemope

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Wisdom of Amenemope
Consider the thoughtful man that you may discover Life, and you yourself will flourish upon earth. Do not move the markers at the edges of the fields nor alter findings of the measuring-cord; Do not be greedy in distributing the holdings nor violate the boundaries of the widow. The furrows of the plough are cultivated for a lifetime— and the swindler covets them; But should he get them, lyingly and falsely, surely he will fall at last to the Moon's justice. Keep watch on one who does this while on earth— he is a despoiler of defenseless people, He is a foe, wreaking havoc on your very body, and malice dwells in his eye. His household is declared a public enemy and his granaries are leveled to the ground; They seize his goods out of his children's hands, and the little that he had is given to another. Avoid unsettling the boundaries of the fields that the fear which you inspire may be ended;
1300 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Instruction of Amenemope

Deuteronomy 19:14

Hebrew Bible
13 You must not pity him, but purge from Israel the guilt of shedding innocent blood, so that it may go well with you. 14 You must not move your neighbor’s boundary marker,28 which will have been defined in the inheritance you will obtain in the land the Lord your God is giving you. 15 A single witness may not testify against another person for any trespass or sin that he commits. A matter may be legally established only on the testimony of two or three witnesses.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

References

"... The verbal correspondence between the sayings makes likely a close relationship, probably as part of a writing-supported cognitive process of transmission, as seen in the typical sort of memory variation between the words for making a border in Proverbs 22:28 ( עשה ) and Deuteronomy 19:14 ( גבל ). 35 In addition, at least two factors suggest that Deut 19:14 is the later of the two versions. First, Deuteronomy 19:14 represents an elaboration of the saying compared to its briefer counterpart, indeed an elaboration featuring typically Deuteronomic language for “inheriting” the land that “YHWH gave to take possession of it.” Second, it happens that Proverbs 22:28 is part of a section of Proverbs that is particularly closely related to the ancient Egyptian Instruction of Amenemope, and this saying in Proverbs 22:28 parallels a saying in Amenemope about moving borders (7:12–8:19). Therefore, it is much more likely that the briefer formulation in Proverbs 22:28, an adaptation of its parallel in Amenemope, is the earlier version, while Deuteronomy 19:14 is a later adaptation and elaboration ..."
David McLain Carr, The Formation of the Hebrew Bible: A New Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 416.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Instruction of Amenemope and Deuteronomy 19:14

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library