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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 17

1 You must not sacrifice to him a bull or sheep that has a blemish or any other defect, because that is considered offensive to the Lord your God. 2 Suppose a man or woman is discovered among you in one of your villages that the Lord your God is giving you who sins before the Lord your God and breaks his covenant 3 by serving other gods and worshiping them—the sun, moon, or any other heavenly bodies that I have not permitted you to worship.⁠ 4 When it is reported to you and you hear about it, you must investigate carefully. If it is indeed true that such a disgraceful thing is being done in Israel, 5 you must bring to your city gates that man or woman who has done this wicked thing—that very man or woman—and you must stone that person to death. 6 At the testimony of two or three witnesses the person must be executed.⁠ They cannot be put to death on the testimony of only one witness. 7 The witnesses must be first to begin the execution, and then all the people are to join in afterward. In this way you will purge the evil from among you. 8 If a matter is too difficult for you to judge—bloodshed, legal claim, or assault—matters of controversy in your villages—you must leave there and go up to the place the Lord your God chooses.⁠ 9 You will go to the Levitical priests and the judge in office in those days and seek a solution; they will render a verdict.⁠ 10 You must then do as they have determined at that place the Lord chooses. Be careful to do just as you are taught.⁠ 11 You must do what you are instructed, and the verdict they pronounce to you, without fail. Do not deviate right or left from what they tell you. 12 The person who pays no attention to the priest currently serving the Lord your God there, or to the judge—that person must die, so that you may purge evil from Israel. 13 Then all the people will hear and be afraid, and not be so presumptuous again. 14 When you come to the land the Lord your God is giving you and take it over and live in it and then say, “I will select a king like all the nations surrounding me,” 15 you must select without fail a king whom the Lord your God chooses. From among your fellow citizens you must appoint a king—you may not designate a foreigner who is not one of your fellow Israelites.⁠ 16 Moreover, he must not accumulate horses for himself⁠ or allow the people to return to Egypt to do so, for the Lord has said you must never again return that way.⁠ 17 Furthermore, he must not marry many wives lest his affections turn aside,⁠ and he must not accumulate much silver and gold. 18 When he sits on his royal throne he must make a copy of this law on a scroll given to him by the Levitical priests. 19 It must be with him constantly, and he must read it as long as he lives,⁠ so that he may learn to revere the Lord his God and observe all the words of this law and these statutes and carry them out.⁠ 20 Then he will not exalt himself above his fellow citizens or turn from the commandments to the right or left, and he and his descendants will enjoy many years ruling over his kingdom in Israel.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 17:6 and Hebrews 10:28

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Hebrews recalls Deuteronomy where punishment required two or three witnesses, arguing from lesser to greater consequence. In Deuteronomy, this ensures justice in capital cases, and in Hebrews it becomes an analogy of responsibility and judgment.

Passages

Deuteronomy 17:6

Hebrew Bible
4 When it is reported to you and you hear about it, you must investigate carefully. If it is indeed true that such a disgraceful thing is being done in Israel, 5 you must bring to your city gates that man or woman who has done this wicked thing—that very man or woman—and you must stone that person to death. 6 At the testimony of two or three witnesses the person must be executed. They cannot be put to death on the testimony of only one witness. 7 The witnesses must be first to begin the execution, and then all the people are to join in afterward. In this way you will purge the evil from among you. 8 If a matter is too difficult for you to judge—bloodshed, legal claim, or assault—matters of controversy in your villages—you must leave there and go up to the place the Lord your God chooses.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Hebrews 10:28

New Testament
26 For if we deliberately keep on sinning after receiving the knowledge of the truth, no further sacrifice for sins is left for us, 27 but only a certain fearful expectation of judgment and a fury of fire that will consume God’s enemies. 28 Someone who rejected the law of Moses was put to death without mercy on the testimony of two or three witnesses. 29 How much greater punishment do you think that person deserves who has contempt for the Son of God, and profanes the blood of the covenant that made him holy, and insults the Spirit of grace? 30 For we know the one who said, “Vengeance is mine, I will repay,” and again, “The Lord will judge his people.”
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hebrews

References

"... Here perhaps is a good juncture to deal with the varied use of Deuteronomy in the book of Hebrews ... (Hebrews 1:6; Deuteronomy 32:43, Hebrews 10:28; Deuteronomy 17:6, Hebrews 12:3; Deuteronomy 32:35, Hebrews 12:15; Deuteronomy 29:17, Hebrews 12:18; Deuteronomy 4:11, Hebrews 12:21; Deuteronomy 9:19, Hebrews 12:29; Deuteronomy 4:24, Hebrews 13:5; Deuteronomy 31:6) ... Notice that all the quotations here are short, even fragmentary, and so Gert Steyn is right to ask: Is the author quoting from memory? And if so, should we be spending so much time trying to figure out which version of the OT he is using, when he could be paraphrasing in his own language? Importantly, Steyn points out that unlike his Psalms and Jeremiah quotations, the use of Deuteronomy does not involve extended quotations, nor are the Deuteronomy quotations cited with reference to divine authority. Could this be because our author, while recognizing Deuteronomy as Scripture believes the Mosaic covenant is no longer binding on his audience per se, and particularly because he doesn’t want these Jewish Christians retreating back into non-Christian Judaism under pressure or persecution is being careful how he uses the Law? In any case, he clearly believes the Mosaic covenant has been superseded by a better covenant, the new covenant. Further, what explains the fact that apart from Hebrews 1:6, all of the citations come between Hebrews 10:28 and 13:5? Even of these nine found within those parameters, only four are clearly explicit quotations, Deuteronomy 32:43 (LXX Ode 2) in Hebrews 1:6; Deuteronomy 32:35–36 in Hebrews 10:30–31; Deuteronomy 9:19 in Hebrews 12:21; and Deuteronomy 31:6 in Hebrews 13:5 ..."
Ben Witherington, Torah Old and New: Exegesis, Intertextuality, and Hermeneutics (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2018), 328.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 17:6 and Hebrews 10:28

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